Non-tariff barriers

• What are some less obvious methods to create barriers to trade besides tariffs, quotas, and subsidies?

  Health and safety regulations, product specifications, environmental regulations, and product labeling
• How did the EU's 2017 health regulation regarding aflatoxins affect trade?

  It effectively blocked the import of southern hemisphere nuts
• What specific health regulation was implemented by the EU in 2017?

  A regulation regarding the permitted level of aflatoxins in nuts
• Why did Canada specify a certain size of jar for imported jam?

  Many countries do not usually manufacture jars in the required size
• What was the purpose of the new regulations in the EU and USA in November 2021?

  To limit the amount of imports of 'dirty steel'
• What is 'dirty steel' primarily produced from?

  Coal-fired power stations
• Which country predominantly produces 'dirty steel'?

  China
• How can product labeling affect firms' market decisions?

  It can be expensive and may limit their desire to sell into certain markets
• What are the various strategies to create barriers to trade?

  • Health and safety regulations
  • Product specifications
  • Environmental regulations
  • Product labeling