Bones 3

• What are Metabolic Bone Diseases also called?

  Osteodystrophies
• What do Metabolic Bone Diseases affect?

  Bone growth, modeling, or remodeling
• What causes Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  Nutritional or hormonal imbalances
• What are the three main categories of Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  • Rickets/Osteomalacia
  • Fibrous Osteodystrophy
  • Osteoporosis
• What disturbances lead to Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  Disturbances in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
• In which animals do Metabolic Bone Diseases most severely manifest?

  Young animals
• What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in bone metabolism?

  Stimulates calcium and phosphorus release from bone
• How does PTH affect calcium and phosphorus reabsorption?

  Increases calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphorus reabsorption
• What does PTH stimulate the synthesis of?

  Vitamin D
• What are the two forms of Vitamin D?

  Vitamin D2 (plant origin) and D3 (synthesized in skin)
• What is required for Vitamin D to become biologically active?

  Hydroxylation
• What does Vitamin D enhance the absorption of?

  Calcium and phosphorus
• What is the function of Calcitonin?

  Suppresses bone resorption in response to high calcium levels
• What are the characteristics of Osteoporosis?

  • Reduced bone quantity with normal bone quality
  • Caused by aging, nutritional deficiencies, parasitism, inflammatory conditions, corticosteroids, and inactivity
  • Characterized by bone mass loss and potential spontaneous fractures
• What distinguishes Rickets from Osteomalacia?

  • Rickets occurs in young animals with open growth plates
  • Osteomalacia occurs in adults
  • Both are caused by vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency
• What results from vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency in Rickets/Osteomalacia?

  Defective bone mineralization
• What are the symptoms of Rickets/Osteomalacia?

  Irregular bone growth, enlarged joints, and trabecular disruption
• What is Fibrous Osteodystrophy associated with?

  • Primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Extensive bone resorption replaced with fibrous tissue
  • Caused by renal failure or nutritional imbalances (low calcium, high phosphorus)
• What are the consequences of Fibrous Osteodystrophy?

  Bone weakening, swelling, and potential joint collapse
• How do metabolic bone diseases vary among species?

  • They can affect various domestic animals
  • Severity and presentation differ between species
  • Some conditions like "big head" are more common in specific animals (e.g., horses)
• What is a diagnostic challenge for Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  Radiography often insensitive, requiring >30% bone mineral loss to detect
• What imaging techniques are more sensitive for diagnosing Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  Advanced imaging techniques
• What are the key strategies for prevention and management of Metabolic Bone Diseases?

  • Balanced diet with appropriate calcium-to-phosphorus ratio
  • Adequate vitamin D intake
  • Monitoring nutritional and hormonal factors
  • Early detection and intervention