2 History of PT

• Who described the use of physical measures by ancient civilizations?

  Granger
• What was the purpose of physical measures in ancient civilizations?

  To relieve pain and improve function
• When was massage first used by the Chinese?

  3000 BC
• Who described massage in 460 BC?

  Hippocrates
• How was massage modified in history?

  It was modified by the Romans and accepted as a scientific procedure in the early 1800s
• What technique is associated with muscle re-education?

  Techniques of muscle re-education
• Which civilizations practiced hydrotherapy?

  The Greeks and Romans
• How was hydrotherapy practiced by the Greeks and Romans?

  Through the use of baths and river worship
• When did electrotherapy begin to develop?

  In the 1600s
• Where were modern physical therapy techniques practiced before the US?

  In Europe, specifically England
• What were the years of the polio epidemics mentioned?

  1894, 1914, and 1916
• What was the impact of polio epidemics on children?

  It left tens of thousands paralyzed and in need of physical therapy
• Who learned physical therapy techniques for wounded soldiers during World War I?

  Surgeon General of the US
• What was created in 1917 to manage reconstruction aides?

  Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction
• Who were the reconstruction aides primarily composed of?

  Exclusively women
• What role did women play in the early profession of physical therapy?

  They were the forerunners of the profession and practice of physical therapy in the US
• What measurements did physiotherapists take during this period?

  Accurate measurements to determine muscle strength
• What was the focus of physical therapy after World War I?

  Maintaining a working force
• What was the first national organization for physical therapy called?

  American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association
• Who was the first president of the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association?

  Mary McMillan
• What were the main objectives of the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association?

  1. Establish and maintain professional standards
  2. Increase efficiency among members through advanced study
  3. Disseminate information via medical literature
  4. Provide efficiently trained women to the medical profession
  5. Sustain social fellowship among members
• Who is credited as the first physical therapist in the US?

  Mary McMillan
• What significant action did Mary McMillan take as head reconstruction aide in 1918?

  She established two membership categories for the organization
• What was the official journal established in 1921?

  PT Review
• What was the name change of the organization in 1922?

  From American Medical Association (AMA) to American Physiotherapy Association (APA)
• What was the journal retitled to in 1926?

  Physiotherapy Review
• What two issues involving physicians were resolved by the APA?

  Identity and substantive education requirements
• What were the two issues developed by the APA in the 1940s?

  1. Evolvement of physiatrists and physical therapy terms
  2. Suggestion of a curriculum in 1928 for a 9-month program with 1200 total clock hours
• When did the AMA adopt the Essentials of an Acceptable School for Physical Therapy Technicians?

  In 1936
• What was authorized during World War II regarding physical therapy education?

  8 emergency courses of 6 months in length
• When were the emergency courses discontinued?

  In 1946
• What was established in 1938 for research and education related to polio?

  National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
• What was established in 1947 to provide services to military personnel?

  Women’s Medical Specialist Corps
• What was the treatment for polio mentioned in the study material?

  Gamma globulin and Salk vaccine
• What were the minimum curricular standards set by the AMA in the post-World War II period?

  12 months
• What characterized the growth of physical therapy from the 1960s through the 1980s?

  Recognition in education, practice, and research
• What societal issues influenced physical therapy during the 1960s through the 1980s?

  Aging population, health promotion, and disease prevention
• What organization funded healthcare for various populations during the 1960s through the 1980s?

  Federal legislation
• What was the minimum educational requirement established during this period?

  Baccalaureate degree
• What was the post-baccalaureate requirement for physical therapy education?

  Mastery of knowledge and skills for competent practice