Monoclonal antibodies

• What are monoclonal antibodies derived from?

  Antibodies from a single clone of cells
• What is the process of creating monoclonal antibodies?

  Cloning a cell to produce antibodies and isolating them
• What type of cells produce antibodies?

  B lymphocytes or B cells
• What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

  To help fight disease by binding to antigens
• What are antigens?

  Foreign materials that antibodies bind to
• How do antibodies interact with bacteria?

  They bind to specific antigens on the bacteria
• What is the significance of hybridoma cells in monoclonal antibody production?

  They produce antibodies and divide rapidly
• Why do B lymphocytes need to be combined with tumor cells?

  To create fast-dividing hybridoma cells
• What is injected into a mouse to produce specific B lymphocytes?

  The antigen that we want the monoclonal antibody to bind to
• What is the advantage of monoclonal antibodies being specific?

  They can bind to a particular protein or cell
• How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cancer treatment?

  By attaching drugs or radioactive material to target cancer cells
• What are the steps involved in producing monoclonal antibodies?

  1. Inject antigen into a mouse
  2. Mouse's immune system produces specific B lymphocytes
  3. Isolate B lymphocytes
  4. Fuse B lymphocytes with fast-dividing tumor cells to create hybridomas
  5. Allow hybridomas to divide and produce antibodies
  6. Collect and purify the antibodies
• What is the shape of antibodies when they bind to antigens?

  1. shaped
• What happens when B cells detect antigens?

  They produce large amounts of antibodies
• How does the process of monoclonal antibody production ensure uniformity in the antibodies produced?

  All antibodies come from identical hybridoma cells
• What can be attached to monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes?

  Drugs, fluorescent proteins, or radioactive material
• What is the purpose of purifying monoclonal antibodies after production?

  To isolate the specific antibodies for use
• Why is it important to choose the right B lymphocyte in monoclonal antibody production?

  To create antibodies that bind to the desired target
• What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies in the immune response?

  Antibodies bind to antigens to help neutralize foreign substances
• If a monoclonal antibody is specific to a cancer cell antigen, what would be its potential use?

  To locate and destroy cancer cells