Diabetes

    Cards (42)

    • What is the primary metabolic fuel used by cells?
      Glucose
    • What are the sources of glucose?
      • Absorbed in the diet
      • Breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
      • Non-carbohydrate substrates (gluconeogenesis)
    • What triggers the pancreas to secrete insulin?
      Increased blood glucose after eating
    • What is the role of glucagon when glucose levels are low?
      Increase catabolic pathways
    • What are the effects of glucagon secretion?
      • Increase glycogenolysis (muscle, liver)
      • Increase gluconeogenesis (liver, all tissues)
      • Increase lipolysis (adipose tissue)
      • Inhibit glycolysis (liver)
      • Inhibit anabolic pathways
    • What are the effects of insulin secretion when glucose levels are high?
      • Increase glucose uptake (muscle, adipose tissue)
      • Increase anabolic pathways
      • Increase fatty acid synthesis (liver, adipose tissue)
      • Increase glycogen synthesis (liver, muscle)
      • Inhibit catabolic pathways
    • What is the definition of Type 1 diabetes?
      Absolute insulin deficiency causing hyperglycaemia
    • What is the random plasma glucose level indicating hyperglycaemia?
      Greater than 11 mmol/L
    • What causes Type 1 diabetes?
      Auto-immune destruction of β-cells
    • What are the key diagnostic indicators of Type 1 diabetes?
      Rapid weight loss, age, family history
    • What is the prognosis for untreated Type 1 diabetes?
      Death without insulin
    • What are the risk factors for Type 1 diabetes based on family history?
      • Mother: 2%
      • Father: 8%
      • Sibling: 10%
      • Both parents: 30%
    • What are the ethnic risk factors for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
      • Type I: More common in Northern Europe
      • Type II: Higher in South Asian, African, Chinese populations
    • At what age is the risk of developing Type II diabetes increased?
      Over 40 years old
    • What are the non-modifiable risk factors for diabetes?
      • Family history
      • Ethnicity
      • Age
      • Other medical conditions
    • What are the modifiable risk factors for Type II diabetes?
      • Weight
      • Waist circumference
      • Sedentary lifestyle
      • Social deprivation
    • What percentage of people diagnosed with Type II diabetes are overweight?
      80%
    • How much weight loss can reduce the risk of diabetes by 50%?
      5%
    • What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of diabetes in women?
      Greater than 80 cm
    • What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of diabetes in men?
      Greater than 94 cm (white/black)
    • What are the aims of treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
      • Control blood glucose levels
      • Prevent complications
      • Ensure insulin administration
    • What is the typical age of diagnosis for Type 1 diabetes?
      Children and young adults
    • What are the types of insulin used for Type 1 diabetes?
      Rapid, short, intermediate, long, mixed
    • What is the onset time for rapid-acting insulin?
      10-20 minutes
    • What is the peak time for short-acting insulin?
      8-10 hours
    • What is the duration of long-acting insulin?
      20-24 hours
    • What are mixed insulins and their purpose?
      • Combinations of short and long-acting insulins
      • Taken 15-30 minutes before meals
      • Provide coverage between meals
    • What does U200 insulin mean?
      200 units per ml
    • What is the risk associated with insulin as a high-risk drug?
      Potential for prescribing and administration errors
    • What are common prescribing errors with insulin?
      • Wrong insulin type
      • Use of IU instead of units
      • Transcribing errors
    • What are common administration errors with insulin?
      • Poor technique
      • Wrong patient
      • Timing issues
    • What are common dispensing errors with insulin?
      • Wrong product selection
      • Not confirming with patient
      • Incorrect strength
    • What is the typical blood glucose level indicating hypoglycaemia?
      4 mmol/L or less
    • What are the signs and symptoms of mild hypoglycaemia?
      • Conscious and able to self-treat
      • Rapid acting glucose intake
      • Follow-up snack/meal
    • What are the treatment steps for moderate hypoglycaemia?
      • Administer GlucoGel or jam
      • Follow with substantial snack/meal
      • Regularly check blood glucose levels
    • What are the treatment steps for severe hypoglycaemia?
      • Place in recovery position
      • Administer Glucagon
      • Check blood glucose levels
    • What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
      Medical emergency due to insulin deficiency
    • What are the signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?
      • Fatigue
      • Nausea & vomiting
      • 'Pear drop' breath
      • Tachycardia
      • Hyperventilation
      • Drowsiness and confusion
    • What are the causes of diabetic ketoacidosis?
      • New presentation of Type 1 diabetes
      • Insulin management errors
      • Concurrent illness or stress
    • What is the management protocol for diabetic ketoacidosis?
      • Rehydration with IV fluids
      • Electrolyte replacement
      • Soluble insulin administration
      • Treat underlying cause
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