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Cards (42)
What is the primary metabolic fuel used by cells?
Glucose
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What are the sources of glucose?
Absorbed in the diet
Breakdown of glycogen (
glycogenolysis
)
Non-carbohydrate substrates (
gluconeogenesis
)
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What triggers the pancreas to secrete insulin?
Increased
blood glucose
after eating
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What is the role of glucagon when glucose levels are low?
Increase
catabolic pathways
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What are the effects of glucagon secretion?
Increase
glycogenolysis
(muscle, liver)
Increase
gluconeogenesis
(liver, all tissues)
Increase
lipolysis
(adipose tissue)
Inhibit glycolysis (liver)
Inhibit
anabolic
pathways
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What are the effects of insulin secretion when glucose levels are high?
Increase glucose uptake (muscle, adipose tissue)
Increase
anabolic pathways
Increase
fatty acid synthesis
(liver, adipose tissue)
Increase
glycogen synthesis
(liver, muscle)
Inhibit
catabolic pathways
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What is the definition of Type 1 diabetes?
Absolute
insulin deficiency
causing
hyperglycaemia
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What is the random plasma glucose level indicating hyperglycaemia?
Greater than
11 mmol/L
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What causes Type 1 diabetes?
Auto-immune
destruction of
β-cells
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What are the key diagnostic indicators of Type 1 diabetes?
Rapid
weight loss
, age,
family history
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What is the prognosis for untreated Type 1 diabetes?
Death without
insulin
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What are the risk factors for Type 1 diabetes based on family history?
Mother:
2%
Father:
8%
Sibling:
10%
Both parents:
30%
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What are the ethnic risk factors for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type I: More common in
Northern Europe
Type II: Higher in
South Asian
,
African
,
Chinese
populations
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At what age is the risk of developing Type II diabetes increased?
Over
40 years old
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What are the non-modifiable risk factors for diabetes?
Family history
Ethnicity
Age
Other
medical conditions
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What are the modifiable risk factors for Type II diabetes?
Weight
Waist circumference
Sedentary lifestyle
Social deprivation
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What percentage of people diagnosed with Type II diabetes are overweight?
80%
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How much weight loss can reduce the risk of diabetes by 50%?
5%
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What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of diabetes in women?
Greater than
80 cm
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What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of diabetes in men?
Greater than
94
cm (white/black)
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What are the aims of treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Control
blood glucose levels
Prevent
complications
Ensure insulin administration
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What is the typical age of diagnosis for Type 1 diabetes?
Children
and
young adults
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What are the types of insulin used for Type 1 diabetes?
Rapid
,
short
, intermediate,
long
,
mixed
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What is the onset time for rapid-acting insulin?
10-20 minutes
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What is the peak time for short-acting insulin?
8-10 hours
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What is the duration of long-acting insulin?
20-24
hours
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What are mixed insulins and their purpose?
Combinations of
short and long-acting insulins
Taken
15-30 minutes
before meals
Provide
coverage
between meals
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What does U200 insulin mean?
200
units
per
ml
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What is the risk associated with insulin as a high-risk drug?
Potential for
prescribing
and administration errors
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What are common prescribing errors with insulin?
Wrong insulin type
Use of
IU
instead of
units
Transcribing errors
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What are common administration errors with insulin?
Poor
technique
Wrong
patient
Timing
issues
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What are common dispensing errors with insulin?
Wrong
product
selection
Not confirming with patient
Incorrect
strength
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What is the typical blood glucose level indicating hypoglycaemia?
4 mmol/L
or less
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What are the signs and symptoms of mild hypoglycaemia?
Conscious and able to
self-treat
Rapid
acting glucose intake
Follow-up snack/meal
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What are the treatment steps for moderate hypoglycaemia?
Administer
GlucoGel
or jam
Follow with substantial snack/meal
Regularly check blood glucose levels
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What are the treatment steps for severe hypoglycaemia?
Place in recovery position
Administer
Glucagon
Check
blood glucose levels
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What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Medical emergency due to
insulin deficiency
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What are the signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Fatigue
Nausea & vomiting
'Pear drop'
breath
Tachycardia
Hyperventilation
Drowsiness and confusion
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What are the causes of diabetic ketoacidosis?
New presentation of
Type 1 diabetes
Insulin
management errors
Concurrent illness or stress
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What is the management protocol for diabetic ketoacidosis?
Rehydration with
IV fluids
Electrolyte replacement
Soluble insulin administration
Treat underlying cause
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See all 42 cards
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