Immunoproliferative Disorders

• What is the focus of immunoproliferative diseases?

  Malignancies involving the lymphoid lineage
• What are the classifications of lymphoid malignancies?

  1. Leukemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
• What usually causes accumulation of cells in hematologic malignancies?

  Rapid proliferation or failure to undergo apoptosis
• What can induce genetic mutations in hematologic malignancies?

  Chemical carcinogens and radiation
• What are proto-oncogenes involved in?

  Normal cell growth and division
• What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

  They control cell division
• How do genetic changes lead to cell malignancies?

  They result in uncontrolled cell proliferation
• What are the classification systems for hematologic malignancies?

  1. French-American British (FAB) Cooperative Group
  2. Revised European American Lymphoma (REAL)
  3. WHO's 12 Major Groups
• What does the FAB Cooperative Group focus on?

  Criteria for leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes
• What is the basis for the classification of all types of hematologic malignancies?

  Revised European American Lymphoma (REAL)
• What was the method used for classification in the 1950s and 1960s?

  Abnormalities of morphological features
• What are the three criteria for the WHO's classification of hematologic malignancies?

  Cell lineage, specific cancer, genetic feature
• What type of leukemia is derived from common myeloid precursor?

  Myelogenous leukemia
• What characterizes lymphocytic leukemia?

  Originates from mature lymphocytes or their precursors
• How are leukemias further divided?

  1. Chronic Leukemia

  • Slowly progressive
  • Not curable with chemotherapy

  1. Acute Leukemia

  • Rapidly progressive
  • Higher response to therapy
• What is another name for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
• What age group is most affected by Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  2 to 5 years old
• What can lymphocytes or blast cells infiltrate in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  Soft tissues leading to organ dysfunctions
• What are the four types of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  CALLA, Pre-B-cell, T-cell, Mature B-cell
• What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia characterized by?

  Exclusively of B-cell origin
• What is the most common malignancy involving B-cells?

  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• What is the typical lymphocyte count in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  Increased peripheral blood lymphocyte count
• How do B-cells appear in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?

  Cytologically normal but dysfunctional
• What characterizes Hairy Cell Leukemia?

  Infiltration of bone marrow and spleen
• What is a specific marker for Hairy Cell Leukemia?

  CD103
• What enzyme is associated with Hairy Cell Leukemia?

  Acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5
• What is the significance of BRAF-V600E in Hairy Cell Leukemia?

  It is a sensitive and specific test
• What are the classifications of lymphoma?

  1. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)

  • Nodular Lymphocytic-Predominant HL
  • Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma

  1. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
• What cells are characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma?

  Reed-Sternberg cells
• What is the appearance of Reed-Sternberg cells?

  Large with bilobed nucleus
• What infectious agent is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma?

  Epstein-Barr Virus
• How is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma staged?

  According to Ann Arbor Classification System
• What is the greatest risk factor for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

  Immunosuppression
• What is the most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

  Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
• What characterizes Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma?

  Diffuse growth of large atypical cells
• What is the second most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

  1. cell Lymphoma
• What is Follicular Lymphoma characterized by?

  Originates from lymphoid organ follicles
• What are the characteristics of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias?

  • Overproduction of myeloma protein
  • Characterized by a single immunoglobulin component
  • Includes conditions like MGUS, Multiple Myeloma, and Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
• What is Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)?

  Produces monoclonal immunoglobulin without symptoms
• What are the criteria for MGUS according to IMWG?

  Monoclonal protein < 3 g/dl, plasma cells < 10%