Cestodes

• What are cestodes commonly known as?

  Tapeworms or flatworms
• Where are adult cestodes typically found in humans?

  In the small intestine
• What are the two orders of cestodes that are medically important?

  Cyclophyllidea and Pseudophyllidea
• What are the general characteristics of cestodes?

  • Ribbon-like or tape-like, segmented
  • Hermaphroditic (both sexes in one body)
  • Require intermediate host(s)
  • Ingestion is the mode of transmission
  • Usual habitat is the small intestine
  • They are oviparous
• What is the scolex in cestodes?

  Hold-fast organ for attachment
• What are proglottids in cestodes?

  Segments of the tapeworm body
• What are the immature and mature segments of cestodes called?

  Immature and mature proglottids
• What is a gravid segment in cestodes?

  Segment filled with eggs
• What is a rostellum in cestodes?

  Knob-like protrusion at the anterior end
• What are the two types of rostellum?

  Armed and unarmed
• What is apolysis in cestodes?

  Detachment of gravid segments from the worm
• What is an oncosphere?

  Spherical larval stage with hooklets
• What is the common name for Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Broad fish tapeworm
• What is the final host for Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Man
• What is the infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Plerocercoid larva (sparganum)
• What pathology is associated with the larval stage of Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Sparganosis
• What adult pathology is caused by Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Bothriocephalus anemia (B12 deficiency)
• What is the lab diagnosis for Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Stool exam
• What is the treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Praziquantel
• What is the criterion for cure after treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum?

  Recovery of scolex after treatment
• What color is Diphyllobothrium latum when passed in feces?

  Ivory colored
• What are the key points about Taenia solium and Taenia saginata?

  • T. solium: Pork tapeworm, infective cysticercus
  • T. saginata: Beef tapeworm, infective cysticercus
  • Both have man as final host
  • Lab diagnosis: stool exam, recovery of ova
  • Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide
• What happens when oncospheres hatch in the duodenum?

  They spread to different organs via bloodstream
• What is the pathology associated with Taenia solium?

  Taeniasis and cysticercosis
• What is the infective stage of Taenia solium?

  Cysticercus cellulosae
• What is the infective stage of Taenia saginata?

  Cysticercus bovis
• What are the symptoms of Taenia solium infection?

  Mild irritation and intestinal obstruction
• What is the diagnosis for Taenia solium and Taenia saginata?

  Stool exam, Kato-Katz, perianal swabs
• What is the prevention for Taenia solium and Taenia saginata?

  Proper food preparation and health education
• What are the key points about Taenia saginata asiatica?

  • Common name: Asian Taenia
  • Intermediate host: Pig, cattle, goat
  • Infective stage: Cysticercus larva in liver
  • Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, weakness
  • Lab diagnosis: Stool exam
  • Treatment: Praziquantel
• What are the key points about Dipylidium caninum?

  • Common name: Dog or cat tapeworm
  • Final host: Dog
  • Intermediate host: Fleas
  • Infective stage: Cysticercoid larva
  • Pathology: Dipylidiasis
  • Treatment: Praziquantel
• What is the mode of transmission for Dipylidium caninum?

  Ingestion of fleas
• What are the symptoms of Dipylidium caninum infection?

  Slight intestinal discomfort and diarrhea
• What is the lab diagnosis for Dipylidium caninum?

  Stool exam
• What are the key points about Echinococcus granulosus?

  • Common name: Dog tapeworm
  • Final host: Dog
  • Intermediate host: Herbivores
  • Accidental host: Man
  • Pathology: Hydatid disease
  • Treatment: Praziquantel, surgical removal
• What are the key points about Echinococcus multilocularis?

  • Final host: Foxes
  • Intermediate host: Rodents
  • Pathology: Similar to E. granulosus
  • Cysts develop in the liver
  • Metastasis to other organs
• What are the key points about Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana?

  • Eggs ingested by insects or humans
  • Develop into cysticercoid in insects
  • Humans infected by ingesting infected arthropods
  • Autoinfection can occur
• What are the key points about Raillientina garrisoni?

  • Common name: Madagascar worm
  • Final host: Rat
  • Intermediate host: Flour beetle
  • Pathology: Usually asymptomatic
  • Diagnosis: Stool exam
  • Prevention: Elimination of rodents
• What is the morphology of Raillientina garrisoni?

  Armed rostellum with hammer-shaped hooks
• What is the infective stage of Raillientina garrisoni?

  Cysticercoid larva