PARA LAB

• What domain do protozoans belong to?

  Eukaryotes
• What does the term Sarcodina refer to in protozoans?

  Sarcodina means false feet, or pseudopodia
• What is the scientific name of the pathogenic amoeba discussed?

  Entamoeba histolytica
• Why must Entamoeba histolytica be differentiated from other intestinal protozoa?

  It can cause colitis and liver abscess
• What does the Greek word "Enta" mean?

  Within
• What does the Greek word "Amoebe" mean?

  Change
• What does the Greek word "Histolytica" refer to?

  Destruction
• How can E. histolytica be differentiated from E. dispar?

  Using PCR or molecular diagnosis
• What is a common symptom indicating E. histolytica infection in the Philippines?

  Blood in stool with a healthy patient
• Why is the presence of commensal amebae in stools significant?

  They may be mistaken for pathogenic E. histolytica and indicate fecal contamination
• What is the morphological characteristic of non-pathogenic Entamoeba dispar?

  It is morphologically identical to E. histolytica
• What methods can differentiate E. histolytica from E. dispar?

  PCR, ELISA, and isoenzyme analysis
• What is the common method for diagnosing E. histolytica?

  Microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in stool
• What is the infective stage of E. histolytica?

  Cyst form
• Why does the cyst form of E. histolytica survive better than the trophozoite?

  It has a protective cell wall that can survive acidity
• What is the treatment for E. histolytica infection?

  Metronidazole
• What are the laboratory techniques used for diagnosing protozoan infections?

  • Microscopy
  • Staining procedures (Trichrome, Iodine, Iron Haematoxylin)
  • Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation
• What does the Trichrome stain produce in terms of color?

  Blue or purple
• What is the purpose of the Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation procedure?

  To recover all protozoan cysts and oocysts from stool specimens
• What are the two forms of E. histolytica?

  Cysts and trophozoites
• How many nuclei can be present in the cyst form of E. histolytica?

  1 to 4 nuclei
• What is a clue for identifying E. histolytica under the microscope?

  Shape (ovoid or circular) and presence of chromatoidal bar
• What does the presence of chromatoidal bar indicate in E. histolytica?

  It indicates the cyst form
• What is the diagnostic stage of E. histolytica?

  Cyst and trophozoite
• How do amoebas move?

  Using pseudopodia or false feet
• What is the characteristic of the trophozoite stage of E. histolytica?

  It has no chromatoidal bar and is capable of movement
• What is the motility characteristic of E. coli?

  More than 4 nuclei and motility observed in wet preparation
• What is the diagnostic stage of Acanthamoeba spp.?

  Cyst and trophozoite
• What is the infective stage of Acanthamoeba spp.?

  Cyst
• What is the causative agent of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?

  Acanthamoeba spp.
• What is the feeding stage of Acanthamoeba spp.?

  Amoeboid
• What does the term "Atrial" refer to in flagellates?

  Flagellates that inhabit body cavities
• What does the term "Reproductive" refer to in flagellates?

  Flagellates that inhabit the urogenital tract
• What is the infective stage of Giardia lamblia?

  Cysts
• What is the diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia?

  Cyst and trophozoite
• How many stool samples are required to diagnose Giardia lamblia?

  A minimum of three samples
• What should be done to maximize recovery of cysts in stool samples?

  Concentrate stool samples in formalin or other fixatives
• What is the exception for specimens used for EIA or rapid cartridge assays?

  They should NOT be concentrated
• What is the characteristic appearance of the trophozoite of G. lamblia?

  Old man with glasses
• What is the Enterotest or string test used for?

  To detect G. lamblia in the duodenum