From brain and principles of neuronal signals.

• Who is the author of the lecture on neuronal signals?

  Professor Scott Border
• What should students be able to do after the lecture?

  Compare and contrast divisions of the nervous system
• What is the neuron doctrine?

  The nervous system consists of discrete cells
• What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• What are the components of the central nervous system?

  Brain and spinal cord
• What does the autonomic nervous system control?

  Visceral activities and homeostasis
• What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

  Sympathetic and parasympathetic
• Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside?

  In the spinal cord
• What neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete?

  Norepinephrine
• What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

  Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
• What is the blood supply to the brain composed of?

  • Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA)
  • Vertebral Arteries
• What is the Circle of Willis?

  An anastomosis of brain arteries
• What happens during a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

  Interruption of blood flow to the brain
• What are the two main types of stroke?

  Ischemic and hemorrhagic
• What is a risk factor for stroke?

  Hypertension
• Why is early action key in stroke treatment?

  It reduces the risk of irreversible damage
• What imaging techniques are important for stroke diagnosis?

  PET, MRI, CT, Angiogram
• What are the components of the human brain's organization?

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Cerebellum
• What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

  Insulates and protects the brain
• What percentage of body energy does the brain use?

  20%
• What is synaptic plasticity?

  The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken
• How many genes are expressed in the brain?

  23,000 genes
• What is the role of epigenetics in brain function?

  It influences gene expression in the brain
• What are the three germ layers in embryonic development?

  • Ectoderm: forms CNS and PNS
  • Mesoderm: forms connective tissues and muscles
  • Endoderm: forms gut and organs
• What is the significance of the anatomical basis of stroke?

  It helps understand clinical manifestations
• What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

  Regulates molecule passage into the brain
• What is the role of the subcortical nuclei?

  Involved in processing information
• How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interact?

  They target the same tissues with opposite effects
• What is the role of the axon in a neuron?

  Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body
• What is the significance of the hollow spaces in the brain?

  They are fluid-filled ventricles
• What is the primary function of neurons?

  Responsible for transmitting signals
• What is the relationship between brain weight and energy consumption?

  Brain uses 20% of body energy despite 2% weight
• How does the evolutionary development of the brain influence cognition?

  It shapes complex mental functions and behaviors
• What is the role of the cerebellum?

  Coordination and balance of movements
• What is the primary role of the thalamus?

  Relay sensory information to the cortex
• What is the function of the hypothalamus?

  Regulates homeostasis and autonomic functions
• What is the role of the brainstem?

  Controls basic life functions
• What is the significance of the cerebral cortex?

  Involved in higher-order brain functions
• How do the functions of grey matter differ from white matter?

  Grey matter processes information; white matter transmits signals
• What is the role of the ascending and descending tracts?

  Carry signals to and from the brain