Eukaryotic Cells

• What happens to eukaryotic cells in complex multicellular organisms?


  They become specialised for specific functions
• What are specialised cells organised into?


  Specialised cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into systems
• What is the largest of the organelles?


  nucleus
• What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell surrounded by?

  A nuclear envelope consisting of 2 membrane layers
• in a eukaryotic cell give details about the nuclear membrane?


  it has pores through it
• what does the nucleus do in a eukaryotic cell ?

  stores almost all genetic material of a cell
• in a eukaryotic cell what is the largest of the organelles?


  nucleus
• What does ER stand for?


  endoplasmic reticulum
• what is the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM formed from?


  a network of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae
• What does the endoplasmic reticulum consist of?


  2 types - smooth ER and rough ER
• What is smooth ER?

  Synthesis lipids and steriods
• What does SER stand for?

  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• What does RER stand for?


  Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• What is rough ER?


  Synthesis proteins
• Do most cells contain more SER or RER?

  Most cells contain LESS SER compared to RER
• What is a ribosome?


  a very small organelle, not surrounded by a membrane, comprising of two sub-units which are involved in translation (protein synthesis)
• what do lysosomes contain?

  digestive enzymes called lysozymes. These are separated from the rest of the cell by the membrane surrounding the lysosome
• what type of cell are lysosomes found in?

  ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
• What do lysozymes do?


  digest unwanted material in the cell
• what is a mitochondrion shaped like?


  a sausage
• what is a ribosome surrounded by?


  2 membrane layers

  The inner membrane is folded to form cristae
• What do mitochondria do?


  produce ATP during respiration. the molecule which makes energy for cell activities
• What is the golgi apparatus?


  A stack of flattened sacs, each surrounded by a membrane.

  Vesicles are continually pinched off from the ends of these sacs
• what is the golgi apparatus responsible for?


  processing and sorting secreted proteins, lysosome proteins and membrane proteins synthesised in the rough ER
• What do eukaryotic cells include?


  animal and plant cells
• Why do plant cells have a vacuole?


  plant cells have a vacuole filled with water which keeps the cell turgid
• what do plant cells have?


  a cell wall surrounding the membrane made of cellulose
• what do plant cells have which contain chlorophyll?


  chloroplasts