Learning

• learning- relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
• classical conditioning- a neutral environmental condition comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another environmental condition by being paired repeatedly with other environmental condition.
• ivan pavlov- proposed classical conditioning.
• reflex- simple unlearned response to an environmental condition.
• stimuli- environmental condition.
• unconditioned stimulus- elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.
• unconditioned response- unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.
• conditioned stimulus- has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response.
• conditioned response- a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
• little albert experiment- john b. watson and rosalie rayner.
• UCS= clanging sound

  UCR= fear

  CS= rat

  CR= fear
• generalization- conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are like the conditioned stimulus.
• distinction- an organism to learn not to respond to similar stimuli in an identical manner because of previous experience.
• extinction- process by which the stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
• spontaneous recovery- the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.
• higher-order conditioning- procedure in which previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought by CS by being paired repeatedly with the said CS.
• counter conditioning- pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that it'll lose their aversive qualities.
• flooding- the fear-evoking stimuli are represented continuously with the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.
• systematic desensitization- a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed.
• operant conditioning- states that organisms learn because of the consequences of their behavior.
• B.F Skinner- proposed that learning is brought by consequences of behavior.
• operant behavior- behavior that operates on or manipulates the environement.
• reinforcements- is any stimulus that increases the probability of a responses.
• positive reinforcement- increase the probability of behavior when added/applied.
• negative reinforcement- increases the probability of behavior when removed.
• immediate reinforcement- short-term consequences.
• delayed reinforcement- long-term consequences.
• continuous reinforcement- reinforcement is given with every correct response.
• partial reinforcement- not every correct response is reinforced.
• variable interval- reinforcement is given after 5 minutes, then 10 minutes, sometimes 2 minutes.
• fixed interval- reinforcement is given after 3 minutes.
• reinforcements- are known about their effects on the behavior.

  
  

  reward and punishment- how it makes the person feel.
• reinforcements- encourages behavior, it increases the frequency of behavior.

  
  

  punishment- discourages behavior, it decreases or extinguishes the frequency of the behavior.
• positive punishment- the application of an aversive stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior.
• negative punishment- the removal of pleasant stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior.
• bobo doll- also known as observational learning, was done by albert bandura.
• fixed ratio- reinforcement is given after every 5 responses.
• variable ratio- is given after 2 responses, then 7 responses, then 5 responses.
• orienting reflex- unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.
• discrimination-tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast UCS.