Parental attitudes

• What are the parental attitudes that influence children's education?

  Norms and values, interest, support, and knowledge
• How do parental norms and values differ across social classes?

  They reflect different attitudes towards education and future orientation
• What did Hyman (1967) and Sugarman (1970) identify regarding social class attitudes?

  They identified different attitudes of social classes towards education
• What attitude do middle-class parents encourage in their children regarding education?

  To see education as a "means to an end"
• What attitude do working-class parents encourage in their children regarding education?

  To "take what they can get, when they can get it"
• How does the earning age differ between working-class and middle-class children?

  Working-class children can start earning money earlier
• What is the future orientation encouraged in middle-class children?

  To stay in school for as long as possible
• What is the present-time orientation encouraged in working-class children?

  To go into the workplace as quickly as possible
• What do the ideas of "future" and "present" orientation stem from?

  The different adult experiences of working and middle-class parents
• What does Banks (1971) argue about parental aspirations?

  They cannot be taken for granted and depend on social class starting points
• According to Douglas (1964, 1970), what is the most important factor in a child's education?

  Parents' interest in their child's education
• How do middle-class parents engage with their child's education?

  They are more invested and engaged in schools
• What does Feinstein (2003) say about parental support in education?

  Middle-class parents are more supportive and engaged
• How do middle-class parents differ in their knowledge of education?

  They are more likely to have experienced education and understand its benefits
• What does Evans (2007) say about middle-class mothers' knowledge?

  They are more knowledgeable about early year developments
• What are the criticisms of Hyman and Sugarman's views on parental aspirations?

  • Aspirations cannot be taken for granted
  • Must consider different starting points for social classes
• What are the differences in parental support between social classes?

  • Middle-class parents are more supportive and engaged
  • Working-class parents face barriers to involvement
• How do parental attitudes influence educational achievement?

  • Home environment provides support and motivation
  • Differences in socialisation between classes affect educational experiences
• What is the significance of parental attitudes according to Douglas?

  • Crucial variable in explaining educational achievement
  • Differences in support and motivation between classes
• What are the barriers faced by working-class parents in supporting their children's education?

  • Economic constraints
  • Limited access to educational resources