cell structure and diversity

• What are the two types of microscopes mentioned?

  Compound microscope and electron microscope
• What is the main limitation of a compound microscope?

  It can only view the nucleus
• What does an electron microscope allow us to view?

  Cell ultra-structures
• What is the total magnification formula for a compound light microscope?

  • Total magnification = eyepiece magnification × objective magnification
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It retains contents of the cell and allows some substances to enter or leave
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  It acts as the control center of the cell
• What surrounds the nucleus?

  A membrane with nuclear pores
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Where is DNA found in the cell?

  On structures called chromosomes
• How many chromosomes do sperm and egg cells contain?

  23 each
• What are genes?

  Units of inheritance located on chromosomes
• What is chromatin?

  Elongated and interwoven chromosomes when not dividing
• What is the function of the cytoplasm?

  It suspends cell organelles
• What is the cytosol?

  The cytoplasm minus organelles
• What does the cytoplasm contain that is vital for diffusion and osmosis?

  Sugars
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Respiration occurs here
• In which types of cells are mitochondria found?

  Both plants and animals
• Why do muscle and liver cells have many mitochondria?

  They produce lots of energy
• How do mitochondria vary in cells?

  Due to differing amounts of energy required
• What do vacuoles store?

  Water
• How does the size of vacuoles differ between plant and animal cells?

  The vacuole in plants is larger than in animal cells
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What are ribosomes composed of?

  RNA and proteins
• What is the function of the cell wall in plants?

  It provides strength and support to the cell
• What is the composition of the cell wall?

  Cellulose (polysaccharide)
• What is the permeability of the cell wall?

  Fully permeable
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• What is the composition of chloroplasts?

  Green pigment called chlorophyll
• What do chloroplasts contain?

  Genetic material
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Give an example of a prokaryotic cell.

  Bacteria
• What is a eukaryotic cell?

  A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Give examples of eukaryotic cells.

  Animals, plants, fungi, and protista
• What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

  • Unicellular: A single cell organism (e.g., Amoeba)
  • Multicellular: More than one cell organism (e.g., Plants & animals)
• What is tissue?

  A group of cells that carry out the same function
• Name two types of plant tissue.

  Xylem and phloem
• What is tissue culture?

  The growth of cells in a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism
• What are the requirements for successful tissue culture?

  Sterile, nutrients, suitable pH, and suitable temperature
• What is the function of dermal tissue in plants?

  Protection
• What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?

  Transportation