Lecture 7: Theories of Social Development

• What are the key aspects covered by theories of social development?

  • Emotion
  • Personality
  • Attachment
  • Self
  • Peers
  • Relationships
  • Morality
  • Gender
• What are the main categories of theories of social development mentioned?

  • Psychoanalytic Theories
  • Biological maturation
  • Stage Theories
  • Individual Differences
• What does Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory suggest about emotional problems?

  Emotional problems stem from early childhood
• According to Freud, what drives even young children?

  Children are driven by their sexual nature
• What are the universal stages in Freud's theory based on?

  Sensitive regions in the body
• What is the focus of each stage in Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?

  Each stage is related to a conflict that children attempt to resolve
• What is the Id in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

  The most primitive of Freud’s 3 personality structures
• How is the Id characterized in Freud's theory?

  It is totally unconscious and ruled by the pleasure principle
• What stage occurs during the first year of life in Freud's theory?

  The Oral stage of psychosexual development
• Who is the strongest love object for babies during the Oral stage?

  The mother
• What do babies fear during the Oral stage according to Freud?

  Loss of love
• What is the role of the Ego in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

  It keeps the Id in check
• What is the focus of the second stage in Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?

  The release of tension by defecating
• At what age does the Anal stage last until?

  Approximately age 3 years
• What is the focus of the Phallic stage in Freud's theory?

  Focus on own and others’ genitalia
• What age range does the Phallic stage cover?

  Age 3 years to 6 years
• What does the Super-ego represent in Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

  It represents the conscience and learned standards
• What is the aim of the Super-ego?

  To aim for perfection
• What is the Latency period in Freud's theory?

  The 4th stage lasting from age 6 to 12 years
• What happens during the Latency period according to Freud?

  Sexual desires hide in the unconscious
• What is the final stage in Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory?

  The Genital stage
• When does the Genital stage begin and how long does it last?

  Starts around age 12 and lasts until death
• What is the ideal balance in Freud's theory?

  A strong ego to balance the Id and Super-ego
• What occurs if basic needs are not met during one of the 5 stages?

  Fixation occurs
• What does Erikson's Psychosocial Theory add to Freud's theory?

  Cultural influences and social issues
• How many stages are in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  8 stages
• What happens if a crisis in Erikson's theory is unresolved?

  The person continues to struggle with it
• What is the first stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  Trust vs Mistrust
• What age range does the Trust vs Mistrust stage cover?

  Age 0-12 months
• What is the second stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
• What age range does the Autonomy vs Shame/doubt stage cover?

  Toddlers (12 months-3½ years)
• What is the third stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  Initiative vs Guilt
• What age range does the Initiative vs Guilt stage cover?

  Age 4-6 years
• What is the fourth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  Industry vs Inferiority
• What age range does the Industry vs Inferiority stage cover?

  Age 6-11 years
• What is the fifth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

  Identity vs role confusion
• What age range does the Identity vs role confusion stage cover?

  Age 12-18 years
• How do Freud's and Erikson's theories compare?

  Freud:

  • Development occurs in stages
  • Driven by biological forces
  • Early experiences more important than later life

  
  

  Erikson:

  • Development occurs in stages
  • Driven by social forces
  • Early experiences as important as later experiences
• What do Learning Theories emphasize in social behavior?

  • External factors shape social behavior
  • Continuity of development
  • Reinforcement
  • Observational learning
  • Active role of children in their own development
• What does Watson's Behaviorism suggest about development?

  Development is shaped by the social environment