Respiration

• Why do living organisms need energy?

  • produces ATP to release energy

  For:

  • active transport, against the concentration gradient
  • synthesis of large molecules e.g Protein synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • Muscle contraction
  • Movement
• Name the components of ATP:

  • Adenine
  • Ribose
  • Three phosphate groups
• ATP is the energy currency of the cell
• ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• State the chemical energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP?

  30.5 KJmol^-1
• State the chemical energy released from the hydrolysis of ADP?

  30.5 KJmol^-1
• State the chemical energy released from the hydrolysis of AMP:

  13.8 KJmol^-1
• State the product from the hydrolysis of AMP:

  Adenosine
• Where in the cell does Glycolysis take place?

  Cytoplasm
• Name the first stage of respiration:

  Glycolysis
• How many reactions does glycolysis have?

  10
• State the word equation for aerobic respiration:

  Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
• State the chemical equation for aerobic respiration:

  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
• State the two types of metabolism:

  • Anabolic
  • Catabolic
• Erythrocytes respire anaerobically because they do not have mitochondria
• Define Mitochondria:

  An organelle where aerobic respiration (metabolic activity) for ATP production takes place
• Mitochondria self replicate via binary fission so more can be made if the cell's energy needs to increase
• State the features of Mitochondria:

  • Mitochondrial envelope = outer membrane and cristae
  • Intermembrane space
  • Matrix
• Define The endosymbiosis theory:

  Suggests some eukaryotic organelles came about as a result of close association between early unicellular organisms
• State structural features of the mitochondria that supports the endosymbiosis theory:

  • 70S ribosomes
  • double membrane
  • circular DNA
  • Size
  • may have plasmids
• Name the bond between phosphate groups:

  Phosphoanhydride
• Name the bond between the phosphate group and the ribose sugar:

  Phosphodiester
• Metabolically active cells have a higher demand for ATP so more mitochondria is present
• There is a limited amount of NAD in the cell so it is always formed when NADH oxidises
• What is the first stage of glycolysis?

  Phosphorylation of glucose
• The hydrolysis of two ATP molecules attaches two phosphate groups to glucose to form...

  hexose bisphosphate
• The splitting of hexose bisphosphate molecule produces two molecules of...

  Triose phosphate
• What type of enzymes catalyse the oxidation of triose phosphate?

  Dehydrogenases enzymes
• What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?

  2
• What is the net yield of NADH in glycolysis?

  2
• In glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are made in the oxidation of TP but two are used up in the phosphorylation of glucose
• Define Respiration:

  The process whereby ATP is made from energy stored in complex organic molecules
• Name the products of Glycolysis:

  • Pyruvate
  • ATP
  • NADH
• Define Aerobic respiration:

  A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water and ATP
• Mammals that can survive without oxygen for a long time have a slow metabolic rate, less energy in spend on thermoregulation
• Name the main stages of aerobic respiration:

  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
• Where does the link reaction take place?

  Mitochondrial matrix
• Where does the krebs cycle take place?

  Mitochondrial matrix
• Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

  Cristae