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• • Prince bishop Walcher who replaced Ethelwine following the Harrying of the North, built Durham Cathedral inside the castle walls which was very strategic and brought military and religious presence.
  • The cathedral dominated the landcape and allowed great protection by its steep river banks and bend in the river wear.
  • Saxons saw the cathedral as Norman’s having full control and authority it also presented them having Gods blessing aswell as the Popes ( this was known as divine authority )
• • Durham Architecture symbolised wealth ,power and divine authority for the Norman’s
  • The cathedrals height and size of 143 meters which is the same as the Popes Basilica in Rome was created by its ribbed vaulted ceilings and pointed arches
  • A perpendicular window shone gods divine light onto the altar which pointed East to Jerusalem and onto the spiral pillars that had carvings on its capital, pale white stone was imported from Normandy enhancing the wealth power and authority the Cathedral represented
• • Durham Architecture showed power wealth and divine authority for the Normans
  • Islamic culture was also used in the Cathedral through mosaic floorings.
  • Visitors were intimated by the looks of the cathedral but also in awe and wonder, they knew that god was on the side of the Norman’s
• VILLAGES IN NORMAN ENGLAND:

  • Focused on farming the strip fields with villagers supervised by the village reeve and rent collected by the bailiff.
  • Villages did change due to the Norman’s. Villagers hated paying murdrum fines where everyone in the village had a fine to pay to the Norman King if a single crime was committed against a Norman keeping the village under control.
  • Villagers also hated forest law. the forest law prevented villagers to hunt for meat in the royal forests causing hunger and starvation
• FEUDAL SYSTEM IN NORMAN ENGLAND:

  • The feudal system allowed the king to hand out land and keep more power. Earls swore an oath of loyalty and Marcher earls were given their own permission to build castles, in return defend the border of wales from Edric the Wild.
  • Knights in the feudal system gave the King money and army. They gave 40 days military service to the king and also paid him scutage tax.
  • The law of primogeniture meant that the oldest son would inherit the land and titles, this kept the feudal system stable and the King had more control because he knew who would become the next earl
• NORMAN MONASTERIES AND MONASTIC LIFE:

  • Archbishop of Canterbury Lan Franc made sure monks and monasteries were as religious and strict like those in Normandy, he introduced the vows of saint Benedict for monks to follow eg. vow of poverty.
  • English monks who refused to follow the vows kept being sinful eg. taking money with simony. these monks were replaced such as monks at Glastonbury.
  • Monks no longer were involved in education due to the grammar schools, instead monks spent time translating books from English to Latin and added religious illustrations in the scriptorium library.
• NORMAN MONASTERIES AND MONASTIC LIFE:

  • There were also Cluniac monasteries built by Earls as an investment.
  • Cluniac monks would preform intercessory prayer helping the soul of the Norman Earl and his family reach heaven
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE ON MEDICINE:

  • Short term: the church was less powerful during this time period So new ideas in medicine were encouraged, the printing press spread new medical ideas and people started to question Hippocrates theory of the 4 humours and Galens work on anatomy - eg the belief that the liver circulated blood around body.
• SIGNIFICANCE OF RENAISSANCE ON MEDICINE:

  • Long term - Eg, Edwards Jenner used science to develop a vaccination for smallpox when he noticed milk maiden who had cow pox didnt get smallpox. Using this he tested on a young boy Phipps and with the help of the Goverment the vaccination became compulsary Overcoming criticism from doctors who used inoculation, and by the modern period we now have modern vaccinations and smallpox disease has gone due to Jenners work in the Renaissance
• BEVERIDGE REPORT AND NHS:

  • During ww2 Beveridge writes a report investigating the problems in society for example the 5 giant ill’s - disease, squalor, ignorance, idleness and want.
  • Beveridge published his populse report and most people in Britain supported his idea of creating an nhs and welfare state for everyone after the war ending laissez faire.
  • in 1945 election the Labour and Goverment promised to introduce an NHS with free health care and also welfare state. the conservative party led by Churchill rejected the report they said Britain should go back to laissez faire, to benefit rich
• MEDIEVAL PLAGUE AND CHOLERA 19TH CENTURY SIMILARITIES:

  • In both times people believed in miasma which is bad air causing disease this caused significant death rates as both epidemics happened before Loui pasteurs Germ theory. The plague killed 1/3rd of medieval england population this was similar to the 1800’s where cholera bacteria in infected water killed 100,000 in London 19TH century
• • PLAGUE + CHOLERA SIMILARITIES : In both time periods led To changed to society, plague killed 1/3rd of population including many veilleins causing collapse of Feudal system because those who survived could ask for money to work the land.
  • Similar to 19TH century cholera led to changed from Goverment who passed the first public health act leading to local boards of heath and then the second public health act leading to sewers and clean drinking water for everyone including working class voters
• Durham cathedral was built to celebrate god and support the Norman reforms to the Church and monasteries so they became as strict and dedicated to religion like the ones back in Europe

  • the reorganisation of the church with bishoprics centred on the urban centre of Durham and the cathedral which became St Calais religious and political power base.
  • St calais appointed turbot to ensure the community of monks at the cathedral chapter house followed strictly the vows of saint Benedict.
• Durham cathedral was built to celebrate god and support the Norman reforms to the Church and monasteries so they became as strict and dedicated to religion like the ones back in Europe

  • The cathedral also housed the holy relics of St Cuthbert and St Bede in the Galilee Chapel. this encouraged pilgrims who performed intercessory prayer bringing them closer to god. The cathedral and Durham became both A spiritual and urban centre, helping the local economy.
  • St Calais donated a scriptorium library, monks would illustrate religious art in Books that are translated by monks from English to Latin.
• MAIN FACTOR

  Science and tech -

  Loui Pasteur, French scientist made use of swan neck jar and microscope to research and develop his germ theory, proving spontaneous generation wrong, Geem theory help the development of the magic bullet Drug that treated syphilis.

  Edward Jenner used scientific method to develop smallpox vaccine after detecting link between cowpox and immunity to smallpox. Louis Pasteur used his lab to create vaccine for rabies using Jenners influence
• MAIN FACTOR:

  Communication via books and scientific papers allowed individuals to share medical knowledge correcting mistakes and inspiring people to make cures and treatments

  William Harvey, published book ‘anatomy and motion of the human heart’ in 1628. Disproving galens and Hippocrates theories showed other scientist it’s the heart that pumped blood not liver. Later leading to creation of blood pressure medication.

  Discovery on DNA sequence by Crick and Watson in 1953 and their scientific paper communicating findings alongside human genome project led to better understanding
• MAIN FACTOR:

  Religion

  Religión stopped medicine from progressing in medieval times, Christian church stopped scientists from disproving incorrect theories because they thought it went against god.

  Islamic medicine helped surgeons improve practice because they believe allah wanted this.

  The Christian church believed in Hippocrates and Galens theory of the four humours and blood came from liver. They thought if a person had a disease, their humours had to be balanced so they used things such as bloodletting with leeches to cure an illness. Islamic discoveries in the house of wisdom Library
• Romanesque architecture at Durham Cathedral celebrated the magnificence of God creating awe and wonder, also displayed the power of the Norman’s preventing rebellions by showing Williams divine authourity to rule.

  • ribbed pointed arch with ribbed valeted celing ensure Cathedrals height of 143 meters the same at the popes basilica in time.
• What did prince bishops have permission to do ?


  Raise armies, collect taxes and build castles, in return defending border