bioengergetics

• What is the process by which plants make glucose from sunlight called?

  Photosynthesis
• What is the photosynthetic reaction equation?

  Carbon dioxide + water --(light)--> glucose + oxygen
• What is the chemical symbol for carbon dioxide?

  CO₂
• What is the chemical symbol for water?

  H₂O
• What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?

  O₂
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What are the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Amount of chlorophyll
• How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  The rate increases up to a certain temperature, then decreases as enzymes denature
• What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

  Higher light intensity generally increases the rate of the reaction
• How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases
• What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll is essential for converting light energy to food for the plant
• What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if chlorophyll levels are reduced?

  The rate of photosynthesis decreases
• How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured?

  1. Use pondweed in a test tube
  2. Measure oxygen production by bubble movement in a capillary tube
  3. Change variables: temperature, time, light intensity
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  An environmental condition that restricts the rate of photosynthesis at low levels
• What does a limiting factor graph with one line indicate?


  It shows one limiting factor
• What does a limiting factor graph with two lines indicate?

  It shows two limiting factors in two experiments
• What does a limiting factor graph with three lines indicate?

  It shows three limiting factors, with one factor stated on each line
• How can farmers use knowledge of limiting factors?

  To enhance greenhouse conditions for greater photosynthesis and increased growth
• What is an inverse proportion?

  A relationship where one factor increases as the other decreases
• Give an example of an inverse proportion in photosynthesis.

  Light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
• What are the uses of glucose produced in photosynthesis?

  • For respiration
  • Converted to insoluble starch for storage
  • To produce fat or oil for storage
  • To produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls
  • Combined with nitrates to form amino acids and proteins
• What is respiration?

  The process of transferring energy from glucose for living processes
• What is aerobic respiration?

  Respiration that uses oxygen and yields the most energy
• Where does aerobic respiration occur?

  In the mitochondria
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Respiration that occurs when there is not enough oxygen
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ --> CO₂ + H₂O
• What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Lactic acid
• What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

  Ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What happens to heart rate during exercise?

  Heart rate increases
• What happens to breathing rate during exercise?

  Breathing rate increases
• What happens to breath volume during exercise?

  Breath volume increases
• What is the consequence of anaerobic respiration during exercise?

  Lactic acid builds up, creating an oxygen debt
• What is metabolism?

  The sum of all reactions in a cell or body using energy from respiration
• What are some examples of metabolic reactions?

  • Glucose to starch, glycogen, cellulose
  • Glycerol and fatty acids to lipids
  • Glucose and nitrates to amino acids and proteins
• What is urea and how is it formed?

  Urea forms from protein breakdown