Enzymes

• Enzymes are...


  Globular Proteins
• What are the properties of Enzymes?


  • Specific
  • Increase the Rate of Reaction
  • Unchanged at the end of the reaction
• Why do we need Enzymes?


  • Reactions are too slow to maintain life
  • Can't increase temperature/pressure in cells
• Enzymes bind to substrates by its...


  Active site
• How is the Active Site of an Enzyme formed?


  Folding of the protein
• The Active Site has...


  key residues that bind to substrates
• The rest of the protein structure...


  keeps these key residues in place
• What is Activation Energy?


  The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
• What is a substrate?


  The reactant in an Enzyme controlled reaction
• What is the Induced Fit model?


  The idea when an Enzyme and Substrate collide, the Enzyme changes the structure of its Active Site to better fit the substrate, so that it causes strain on the bonds which causes the substrate to break down into its products
• What is the Rate of Reaction?


  Amount of product produced or Reactant used up over time
• What are the 4 variables that effect Rate of Reaction?


  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Enzyme Concentration
  • Substrate Concentration
• What happens if you heat a protein above its optimal temperature?


  Denaturing - bonds break, which causes the protein to lose its Tertiary and Secondary Structure
• What happens if pH is not the protein's optimum?


  Breaks ionic bonds in its structure, Affects charged residues in the Active Site
• Why does the Substrate Concentration/Rate of Reaction Graph plateau at a certain point?


  Active sites are at their maximum turnover
• What does a Competitive Inhibitor do to an Enzyme?


  Binds to the Active Site, and prevents Enzyme-Substrate complexes from forming
• What does a Non-Competitive Inhibitor do to an Enzyme?


  Binds to Allosteric Site, disrupts bonds to change the structure of the Active Site
• What are Competitive Inhibitors effected by?


  Substrate Concentration
• Why does increasing Substrate Concentration not effect Non-Competitive Inhibitors?


  They bind to a different part of the Enzyme