Atypical sex chromosome patterns

• What is the definition of atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  Any sex chromosome pattern that deviates from the usual XX or XY formation
• What are two examples of atypical sex chromosome combinations?

  Klinefelter's Syndrome and Turner's Syndrome
• Why is it important to consider the differences associated with atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  It contributes to our understanding of the nature-nurture debate
• How common is Klinefelter's Syndrome among males?

  It affects 1 in 550 males
• What is the chromosomal composition of males with Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  They have XXY sex chromosomes
• What physical characteristics are associated with Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Tall thin physique, small infertile testes, and enlarged breasts
• How many chromosomes do individuals with Klinefelter's Syndrome have?

  47 chromosomes
• Why might individuals with Klinefelter's Syndrome be unaware of their condition?

  They may not be diagnosed until a medical examination
• What are some psychological characteristics of individuals with Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Poor memory, problem-solving, reading, and language skills
• What is the chromosomal composition of individuals with Turner's Syndrome?

  They have 45 chromosomes
• What is the sex chromosome pattern referred to in Turner's Syndrome?

  XO
• What are some physical characteristics of individuals with Turner's Syndrome?

  Broad shield chest, low set ears, and webbed neck
• What reproductive characteristics are associated with Turner's Syndrome?

  They are sterile with no menstrual cycle
• How does the psychological profile of individuals with Turner's Syndrome differ from those with Klinefelter's Syndrome?

  Turner's individuals have higher reading ability but lower performance in spatial tasks
• What are some physical characteristics of Turner's Syndrome?

  Low posterior hairline, webbing of neck, and short stature
• What are the strengths of studying atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  • Contributes to understanding of nature/nurture debate
  • Higher verbal ability in girls with Turner's syndrome
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) can benefit individuals
• What are the practical applications of findings related to atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  • Testosterone for Klinefelter's males increases muscle density and voice depth
  • Growth hormones for Turner's females can increase height
  • Oestrogen and progesterone can aid in breast development and menstrual health
• What are the weaknesses of studying atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  • Difficulty establishing cause and effect relationships
  • Lack of population validity due to small sample sizes
  • Assumptions over 'typical' gender behavior may be flawed
• Why is it challenging to establish a cause and effect relationship in atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  Environmental factors may influence behavior in addition to chromosomal patterns
• How does population validity affect studies on atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  It makes it difficult to generalize findings to a wider population
• What did Maccoby & Jacklin (1974) find regarding gender-related behavior?

  They found more difference in behavior within the sexes than between them
• Why might the presumption of atypicality in Klinefelter's or Turner's Syndrome be invalid?

  It may be based on stereotypical assumptions of average behavior