L2-L3 | BIOMOLECULE AND WATER

• BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE

  • Any molecule produced by living organism, including large macromolecule such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, water, acids, bases
• FOOD

  • Source of biomolecules needed for life 
• 16 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

  • CHONPS
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
  • K, Ca, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu, I, Mo, Zn
• BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE

  • All important biomolecule contain carbon
  • All molecule that contain carbon atoms are called organic except CO2
  • Carbon form 4 covalent bonds:
  • Allows carbon to form molecules with many different shapes
• • Most biological molecules have a core made of carbon and hydrogen. Molecules differ in structure and function, in part, because of different functional groups
• 4 TYPES OF BIOMOLECULE

  • carbohydrates
  • protein
  • nucleic acid
  • lipids
• WATER

  • Inorganic compound
  • Does not consist of carbon atoms that is why it is not considered a biomolecule but is still essential for all the types.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • polymer: polysaccharides
  • monomer: monosaccharide (glucose)
• PROTEIN

  • polymer: polypeptide
  • monomer: amino acid
• NUCLEIC ACID

  • polymer: nucleotides
  • monomer: Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogen bases
• FATS OR LIPIDS

  • polymer: triglyceride
  • monomer: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
• POLYMER

  • large or long chain of units of biomolecule
• MONOMER

  • simplest or only one unit of biomolecule
• WATER

  • POLARITY:
  • Part of molecule is slightly positive, while another part is slightly negative
• WATER

  • Oxygen hogs electrons from hydrogen
  • 8 protons; 10 electrons
  • Negative charge
  • Hydrogen
  • 1 proton; 0 electrons
  • Positive charge
  • Creates a hydrogen bonds where one water sticks to another
• PROPERTIES OF WATER

  • High specific heat: resist temperature changes
  • Cohesion
  • Adhesion
• High specific heat: resist temperature changes

  • Much energy needed to break water bonds
  • Helps to maintain a constant body temperature 
• COHESION

  • Polar water molecules attracted to other polar water molecules
• ADHESION

  • Polar water molecules sticks to other molecules 
• SOLUTIONS

  • Mixture where 1 substance dissolves in another
• 2 PARTS OF A SOLUTION

  • solute
  • solvent
• SOLUTE

  • Substance that dissolves
  • Atoms, ions, molecules
• SOLVENT

  • Substance in which the solute is dissolved
  • Usually water (universal solvent)
• PH SCALE

  • Measures the amount of H++ ions in a solution
• PH SCALE

  • base - greater than 7
  • neutral - 7
  • acidic - less than 7