Evaluation

• Cross-cultural evidence for more than two gender roles


  • Fa'afafine of Samoa, Navajo of North America
  • Increase of non-binaries - cultural changes
  • Gender dysphoria and identity best seen as a social construction than a biological fact due to forces heteronormative binary expectations
• Research supports separation anxiety disorder and gender dysphoria correlation


  • Zucker et al. - 64% of boys with gender dysphoria also had SAD, compared to 38% of boys with some gender concerns but not gender dysphoria diagnosed
• Counterpoint to Zucker et al.


  • Cole et al. - 435 people with gender dysphoria
  • No greater incidence of psychiatric conditions such as SAD than in a non-GD population
  • Furthermore, SAD may not be causal - third variable of Atism may have a causal role