2.1.2 mass spectrometry

• What subjects are covered in the GCSE Biology AQA exam?

  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Maths
  • English Literature
  • Business
  • Computer Science
  • Economics
  • English Language
  • Food & Nutrition
  • Geography
  • History
  • Physical Education
  • Psychology
  • Religious Studies
  • Sociology
  • Art & Design
  • Dance
  • Design & Technology
  • Drama
  • Music
  • Media Studies
  • Environmental Management
  • Marine Science
• What types of exam questions are available for GCSE subjects?

  • Exam Questions
  • Revision Notes
  • Flashcards
  • Past Papers
• What is the purpose of revision notes in exam preparation?

  • To summarize key concepts
  • To aid in memorization
  • To provide a quick reference
• How can flashcards be beneficial for studying?

  • They promote active recall
  • They can be used for spaced repetition
  • They help in memorizing definitions and concepts
• Which exam boards are mentioned for Biology subjects?

  • AQA
  • Edexcel
  • OCR
  • WJEC
  • Cambridge (CIE)
• What are the different types of past papers available for GCSE subjects?

  • Past Papers for each subject
  • Past Papers for different exam boards
• What is the significance of the first exams for various subjects mentioned?

  • Indicates when the new syllabus will be assessed
  • Helps students prepare for upcoming changes in the curriculum
• Why is it important to have access to multiple exam boards for a subject?

  • Provides different perspectives on the subject
  • Offers varied types of questions and formats
  • Allows students to choose the board that best fits their learning style
• How do the subjects listed contribute to a well-rounded education?

  • They cover a range of disciplines
  • They develop critical thinking and analytical skills
  • They prepare students for various career paths
• How can students effectively use past papers in their revision strategy?

  • Practice under timed conditions
  • Identify areas of weakness
  • Familiarize themselves with exam formats
• What role does the GCSE curriculum play in a student's education?

  • It sets foundational knowledge for further education
  • It prepares students for vocational training or higher education
  • It assesses students' understanding of key concepts across subjects
• What are isotopes?

  Different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons
• How can isotopes be described in terms of mass numbers?

  Isotopes are atoms of the same element but with different mass numbers
• What is the definition of relative atomic mass?

  The mass of an element given as relative atomic mass
• What is the relationship between isotopes and the number of neutrons?

  Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons
• How do isotopes differ from each other within the same element?

  They differ in the number of neutrons
• What are the titles of the papers mentioned in the study material?

  Paper 1, Paper 2A, Paper 2B, Paper 2C
• What types of past papers are listed in the study material?

  GCSE, IGCSE, AS, A Level, O Level, AP
• What is the purpose of the learning hub mentioned in the study material?

  To provide resources and support for students
• Who is the author of the A Level Chemistry OCR Revision Notes?

  Richard
• What is the last updated date of the revision notes?

  2 May 2023
• How can isotopes be described in terms of mass numbers?

  They are atoms of the same element but with different mass numbers
• How is the relative atomic mass (A_r) of an element calculated?

  By using the average mass of the isotopes based on their relative abundance
• What is the equation used to calculate the relative atomic mass?

  A_r = Σ (relative abundance × mass number)
• How can the relative abundance of an isotope be determined?

  It can be given or read off the mass spectrum
• What is the first step in the mass spectrometry process?

  The sample is vaporised
• What happens to the ions during the mass spectrometry process?

  The ions are accelerated and heavy ions move slower and are less deflected
• What does the mass-to-charge ratio indicate in mass spectrometry?

  It is used to detect ions
• How is the relative atomic mass of an element calculated from mass spectra?

  By analyzing the percentage abundance of the isotopes
• What is the relative molecular mass?

  The mass of a chemical with a fixed formula in terms of the number of atoms involved
• How is relative formula mass different from relative molecular mass?

  Relative formula mass is applied to chemicals using an empirical formula
• How do you calculate the relative molecular mass of ethanol, C₂H₅OH?

  (2 x 12.0) + (6 x 1.0) + 16.0 = 46.0
• How do you calculate the relative formula mass of calcium chloride, CaCl₂?

  40.1 + (2 x 35.5) = 111.1
• What are the basic processes of mass spectrometry?

  • Sample is vaporised
  • Sample is ionised to form positive ions
  • Ions are accelerated
  • Heavy ions move slower and are less deflected
  • Ions are detected as a mass-to-charge ratio
• What are the differences between relative molecular mass and relative formula mass?

  • Relative molecular mass: fixed formula (e.g., ethanol)
  • Relative formula mass: empirical formula (e.g., calcium chloride)
  • Both calculated by summing relative atomic masses of components
• What are the key components of the revision notes for A Level Chemistry?

  1. Atomic Structure & Mass Spectrometry
  2. Isotopes & Relative Atomic Mass
  3. Relative Molecular and Formula Mass
  4. Worked examples for calculations
  5. Author expertise and updates