Amount Of Substance

• percentage yield equation

  mass of product obtained / maximum theoretical mass of product x100
• why dont you often get the maximum theoretical mass?

  reaction may be reversible

  some product may be lost when seperated from the reaction mixture

  some of the reactants may react in other reactions
• percentage atom economy formula

  mass of desired product / total mass of products x100
• what is atom economy?

  measure of what proportion of the products of a reaction are the desired product and how much is waste. the higher the atom economy, the less waste is produced
• what is an empirical formula?

  simplest whole number ratio of a formula
• PV = nRT

  ideal gas equation

  pressure x volume = moles x gas constant x temperature
• how do you calculate kelvin?

  celcius add 273
• concentration = moles/volume (dm^3)
• monoprotic acid


  one H+ ion per unit (HCL)
• diprotic acid


  two H+ ions per unit (H2SO4)
• triprotic acid


  three H+ ions per unit (H3PO4)
• why are back titrations used?

  to analyse a base (or acid) that does not react quickly with the acid (or base)
• 1 mole of gas at RTP


  24,000 cm^3
• limiting reagent


  reactant that is not in excess and will be completely used up first, ultimately stopping the reaction