Planes and axis

• Sagittal plane and frontal/ transverse axis

  Flexion and extension or forward and backward movements occur in this plane and axis, eg. somersaults, running, forward roll, bicep curl and kicking a ball.
• Frontal plane and sagittal axis

  Abduction and adduction or left and right movements occur in this plane and axis, eg. cartwheel, star jump, later raise and side lunge.
• Frontal plane and longitudinal axis

  Rotation or clockwise and anti clockwise movements occur in this plane and axis, eg. full twist jump, discus throw rotation, golf swing and a pirouette.
• 1st class lever- extension at the elbow

  
• 2nd class lever- plantar and dorsi flexion

  
• 3rd class lever- elbow flexion and flexion and extension at the shoulder hip and knee

  
• mechanical advantage= effort arm ÷ effort (resistance) arm
• The effort arm is in-between the fulcrum and effort.
• The resistance arm is between the fulcrum and load.
• The longer the effort arm, the greater the force that can be generated.
• The longer the resistance arm the greater speed can be generated.
• A second class lever has a high mechanical advantage because the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm.
• A third class lever has a low mechanical advantage because the effort arm is shorter than the resistance arm.
• A first class lever will have a high mechanical advantage if the fulcrum is closer to the load than it is to the effort, or vice versa for a low mechanical advantage.
• Sagittal plane and transverse axis:

  • somersaults
  • running
  • forward roll
• Frontal plane and sagittal axis:

  • cartwheel
• Transverse plane and longitudinal axis:

  • discus throw rotation
  • ice skating spin
  • full twist jump