proteins

• What are 5 things that proteins are used for?

  Structural support

  Sending messages

  Catalysing reactions

  Immunity

  Membranes
• What are the elements that create proteins?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• What is the formula for an amino acid?

  The formula for an amino acid is NH2CHRCOOH, where R represents a side chain.
• What is the formula for an amino group?

  NH2
• what is the formula for a carboxyl acid group?

  The formula for a carboxyl acid group is COOH.
• what is meant by an essential amino acid?

  An essential amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.
• What is deamination?

  The removal of an amino group from a molecule.
• Why does deamination occur?

  Amino acids in excess are toxic
• Where does deamination occur?

  Liver
• What is the product of deamination?

  Urea which is disposed of through urination
• how do amino acids bond?

  via condensation
• What bond is made between two amino acids?

  Peptide bond.
• How are peptide bonds broken?

  Hydrolysis
• which parts of amino acids join in peptide bonds?

  Carboxyl group and amino group.
• what is the primary structure in a protein?

  A unique sequence of amino acids joined together via peptide bonds
• What is a secondary structure in proteins?

  A secondary structure is when the chain of amino acids coils or folds.
• What are the two types of secondary structure?

  Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.
• how are beta pleated sheets and alpha helixes held together?

  Hydrogen bonds.
• How are tertiary structures of proteins held together?

  Hydrophobic interactions

  Hydrogen bonds

  Disulphide bridges (Covalent bonds)

  Ionic bonds
• what is denaturation?

  Where the structure of a protein is broken down as a result of temperature or pH
• Explain how an enzyme or protein would denature as a result of heat exposure?

  As heat increases, the energy of the protein would increase. This breaks the weaker bonds first, and slowly the stronger ones because they need more energy to break them. This unravels the protein because the stabilisers have been broken down.
• What is the Distinguishing shape of a globular protein?

  Round and spherical
• Is a globular protein soluable in water?

  Yes.
• What are common roles of globular proteins?

  Transportation and metabolic reactions
• What are examples of globular proteins?

  haemoglobin and enzymes
• What is the distinguishing 3D shape of a fibrous protein?

  Helix and twisted
• Are fibrous proteins soluable in water?

  No.
• What are the roles of fibrous proteins?

  Structural support
• What are examples of fibrous proteins?

  Collagen and keratin
• what makes a protein have a quarternary structure?

  Multiple polypeptide chains coming together to form a functional protein.