Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development

• What did Vygotsky emphasize for cognitive development in children?

  The role of social context and interactions with others
• What are the elementary mental functions that children are born with?

  Perception and memory
• How are elementary mental functions converted to higher mental functions according to Vygotsky?

  Through the influence of culture
• What is the semiotic aspect of Vygotsky's theory?

  Signs and symbols within cultures that transmit culture from experts to children
• Who are considered experts in Vygotsky's theory?

  People with greater knowledge than the child
• What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

  It enables intellectual development
• What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

  • Region where cognitive development occurs
  • Inner ring: child's independent abilities
  • Middle ring: skills achievable with assistance
  • Outer ring: skills not yet learned or achievable even with assistance
• How does Vygotsky's view on learning differ from Piaget's view?

  Vygotsky claims learning precedes development, while Piaget believes it follows development
• Who introduced the concept of scaffolding in learning?

  Jerome Bruner
• What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?

  • Assisting an individual through the ZPD
  • Involves aiding a learner only when necessary
  • Gradually withdrawing support as the learner becomes more independent
• How might a teacher use scaffolding in a classroom setting?


  By demonstrating a task and then guiding students until they can complete it independently
• What happens when a child struggles during a learning task in the context of scaffolding?


  The teacher provides reassurance and guidance until the child can work independently