Willis

• What viewpoint did Paul Willis adopt in his examination of education?

  Micro viewpoint
• What was the aim of Willis's research?

  To understand students' motivations in education
• How did Willis's findings contrast with traditional views of working-class students?

  Students demonstrated agency rather than passivity
• What research method did Willis use in his study?

  Ethnographic approach
• What types of methods did Willis employ in his research?

  Unstructured interviews and non-participant observations
• How many young males did Willis study in his research?

  12 young males
• What did the lads prioritize over academic achievement?

  Status from manual labor
• What behavior did Willis observe in the group of boys he studied?

  Anti-conformist and rebellious behavior
• How did Willis view the socialization process of education?

  As a failing to pass on meritocracy
• What did the lads choose as their preferred career path?

  Careers in manual labor
• How does Willis's research relate to contemporary education?

  It highlights ongoing anti-school subcultures
• What negative impact can anti-school subcultures have on teachers' perceptions?

  They may attach negative labels to students
• What methodological criticism is associated with Willis's research?

  Potential for the Hawthorne effect
• What is a limitation regarding the boys' demonstration of free will in Willis's study?

  The impact of previous structural forces is unknown
• How did Willis's findings relate to cultural reproduction models?

  They showed boys still ended up in working-class jobs
• What significant element did Willis discover about the lads in his research?

  They refused to become indoctrinated
• What is the main conclusion of the video regarding Paul Willis's work?

  It critiques structural approaches to education