Labelling & Social Class

• What is labeling theory a part of?

  Interactionist sociology
• How do people make sense of their social world according to labeling theory?

  Through their interactions with others
• What does labeling refer to in sociology?

  The process of attaching a label to someone
• How do teachers use labeling in education?

  By making judgments about students
• What are examples of positive labels in education?

  Gifted, hard-working, intelligent
• What are examples of negative labels in education?

  Troublemaker, lazy, loud
• How do labels affect teacher-student interactions?

  They shape perceptions and interactions
• Which social class is often labeled negatively?

  Working class
• Which social class is often viewed positively?

  Middle class
• What is intersectionality in sociology?

  Belonging to multiple social groups
• How does labeling impact students from different social classes?

  It can lead to different educational experiences
• Who conducted early research connected with labeling theory?

  Howard Becker
• What did Becker find about teachers' perceptions of students?

  They had an image of an ideal pupil
• What characteristics did Becker associate with the ideal pupil?

  Polite, submissive, hard-working, well-presented
• What behaviors did teachers use to judge pupils?

  Presentation of work, appearance, conduct
• What is a preliminary label in the context of labeling theory?

  An initial judgment made by a teacher
• What happens when a teacher reinforces a label?

  They act accordingly towards the student
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  When students internalize and live up to labels
• What did Ray Rist's research reveal about classroom placement?

  Students perceived as clever were favored
• What did Cicerel and Katus find regarding career advice?

  It was based on perceived social class
• What was the outcome of Rosenthal and Jacobson's field experiment?

  Students labeled as spurters progressed more
• What is the halo effect in education?

  Positive labeling based on appearance
• How does labeling persist in contemporary education?

  Through setting and streaming practices
• What is educational triage?

  Focusing on borderline students for improvement
• What is pupil premium in education?

  Monitoring progress of disadvantaged students
• What is a criticism of social class labeling?

  Not all students accept their labels passively
• How do ethnic and gender backgrounds affect labeling?

  They influence responses to negative labels
• What does labeling suggest about external influences?

  They can influence which label is applied
• How is labeling linked to other educational areas?

  It connects to setting, streaming, and identity
• What are the main impacts of labeling in education?

  • Shapes teacher-student interactions
  • Influences student self-esteem
  • Affects academic performance
  • Leads to self-fulfilling prophecies
  • Creates educational triage
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of labeling theory in education?

  Strengths:

  • Highlights teacher biases
  • Explains student behavior changes

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Overemphasis on labels
  • Neglects individual agency