Social & Anti-School Subcultures

• What are anti-school subcultures?

  Groups opposing school norms and values
• Why do anti-school subcultures limit educational achievement?

  They create opposition to school values
• What internal factor limits working-class students' achievement?

  Anti-school subcultures
• How do anti-school subcultures differ from other subcultures?

  They specifically oppose school norms
• What leads to the formation of anti-school subcultures?

  Rejection by the education system
• Who suggested that working-class subcultures form due to denied opportunities?

  Albert Cohen
• What is status frustration in the context of anti-school subcultures?

  Feeling denied status in education
• How does symbolic violence affect working-class students?

  It marginalizes their cultural background
• What is the role of differentiation and polarization in education?

  It leads to marginalization of students
• What did Willis study in his research on working-class students?

  Anti-school attitudes among working-class boys
• What did McGail find about macho lads in education?

  They reacted to excessive discipline
• How do higher set students react compared to lower set students?

  Higher set students conform to school norms
• What is the impact of anti-school subcultures on educational achievement?

  They lead to underachievement in education
• How do anti-school subcultures serve as a form of resistance?

  They oppose the norms of the education system
• What do Hyman and Sugarman suggest about working-class subcultures?

  They lack optimism about educational opportunities
• What is a consequence of anti-school behaviors?

  Increased likelihood of disciplinary actions
• Why is it important to consider other factors in evaluating anti-school subcultures?

  They are reactions to broader educational processes
• How do labeling and stereotyping affect subcultural attitudes?

  They contribute to the formation of subcultures
• What does being anti-school not necessarily imply?

  Rejection of education as a success means
• How can anti-school subcultures influence criminal behavior?

  They may lead to membership in criminal subcultures
• What are the key characteristics of anti-school subcultures?

  • Develop norms opposing school values
  • Formed as a reaction to treatment in school
  • Often consist of working-class students
  • Can overlap with gender and ethnicity subcultures
• What are the processes leading to the formation of anti-school subcultures?

  1. Differentiation and polarization
  2. Rejection by the education system
  3. Status frustration
  4. Symbolic violence
  5. Marginalization in education
• What are the impacts of anti-school subcultures on students?

  • Lead to educational underachievement
  • Foster fatalistic attitudes towards education
  • Increase likelihood of disciplinary actions
  • May influence criminal behavior
• What factors should be considered when evaluating anti-school subcultures?

  • Labeling and negative teacher interactions
  • Material and cultural background
  • Interplay of internal and external factors
  • Potential for later conformity to educational norms