key topic 4

• the failure of catholic Lutheran negotiations

  reasons why they failed

  • Charles was not present in Germany - diet of Speyer was organized by Ferdinand
  • left too long to take action - 20 years
  • distracted by ottoman empire
  • was fighting for compromise - Frankfurt
  • lack of help from papacy
  • lack of power of Charles i.e. princes
• the diet of Speyer ( 1526 + 1529 )

  • 1526: was called due to a religious crisis - alarmed everyone in authority - was attended by 8 Lutheran princes and 5 catholic princes
  • Charles was busy in Spain so his brother opened diet - wanted to enforce edict of worms which was rejected by princes as most were Lutheran and didn't want a civil war
  • aim was to undermine Lutheranism peacefully
  • passed recces of Speyer - stated each prince should enforce the faith as he would have to answer to god and the emperor
• 1529 : 2cnd diet

  • revoked recess of Speyer - edict made compulsory
  • condemned death to anyone performing adult baptism
  • 14 cities and 6 princes published a protestation which declared the diet had no right to annul a decision made unanimously
  • didn't enforce the edict as Charles was too busy fighting ottoman empire
• diet of Regensburg ( 1530 )

  colloquy of Regensburg

  • was to compromise on double justification
  • Philip exposed as an bigamist - Charles used this to insist both religious parties work out there differences
  • negotiations failed
  • Charles then decided force must be used however he deferred war
• importance of Fredrick the wise ( protected Luther )

  • refused for Luther to be sent to Rome and asked Augustinian order to punish Luther instead
  • refused papal bull to burn luthers work
  • asked for safe conduct for Luther in edict of worms
  • hid Luther away in Wartburg castle
• why he could protect Luther

  • was the most senior elector
  • emperor Maximillian in 1519 courted his vote so Charles could secure it
  • pope Leo x wanted Fredrik to stand as a candidate for emperor
  • Charles v owed Fredrick money and was grateful for his vote
  • reasons for protection
  • Luther increased university's image
  • Tetzel threatened Fredricks own indulgences i.e. relic collection
• importance of protestant princes

  Albrecht of Hohenzollern

  • grand master of Teutonic order - to aid people on pilgrimages and run hospitals for German knights
  • reasons for converting : heard Luther speak in worms , openly Lutheran from 1525
  • financial reasons for converting : provided a school in every town , created hereditary duch of Prussia for him and his heirs
  • turned a castle into his home
• importance of protestant princes

  Philip of Hesse

  • landgrave - 3rd highest prince
  • his importance came from military - key role in defeating peasants revolt 1525
  • financial reasons for converting : founded university's and hospitals
  • kept 41% of profits for himself
  • monastic lands provided 1/7th of his income
• importance of protestant princes

  john of steadfast

  • brother to Fredrick - succeeded
  • second most important in empire
  • also protected Luther
  • Saxony was head of Lutheran state
  • financial reasons for converting : used church money to pay off electors debts
  • left the existing churches in possession of Lutheran churches
• reasons why princes converted

  • faith : diet of Speyer meant no punishment stated each prince could choose its own religion
  • financial : less church buildings meant more rents , can confiscate church treasure and property
• the schmalkaldic league ( 1531 ) formation

  • meeting in schmaldic to form a league to defend Lutheranism by force - 5 northern princes and representatives
  • Luther wasn't originally on board - only agreed as its aim was defensive
  • charters stated an attack on one person was an attack on all
  • each member contributed 10,000 inventory + 2000 cavalry
• the Schmalkaldic league (1531) p2

  • adopted Augsburg confession as religious statement
  • by 1540 almost all of North and large parts of south had converted to lutherism
  • restored duke Ulrich to his territories with help of French money - he was deposed for murdering a man to marry his wife
  • once he joined he helped himself to 3/4 of church assets
  • 1532 - ottoman empire attacked Austria lead to the truce of Nuremburg as Charles stated peace in return for men
• significance of league

  • gave Lutheranism important supporters and protection
  • adopted Augsburg confession - les likely to compromise
  • gave people confidence to convert
• Charles v and Lutheranism ( issues )

  • general council refused to meet as it was seen as an German issue -- when they met never addressed actual issues only wanted to restore Catholicism
  • decided to use force after 1541 as he had the resources and wasn't distracted
  • he wanted to restore Catholicism and some of his own power
  • won battle of muhlberg - gained some control of empire
  • this created issues as French and ottomans still causing trouble and papacy tried to undermine Charles as they saw him as a threat
• the problems of Charles v

  • emergence of Lutheran ideas - anti clericalism caused by abuses of the church which lead to the strength and appeal of luthers ideas
  • speed at which ideas spread ( printing )
  • lack of power in holy roman empire - no army , no taxes
  • other obligations i.e. Charles size of empire - king of Spain and away from Germany
  • distractions i.e. war with French and ottomans
  • lack of cash due to wars
  • passage of time - took too long to take action
  • lack of support from papacy
• how Spain distracted Charles

  • Charles felt it was more important to be in Spain - only visited Germany in 1520 - 21 in the 20s ( spent 12 years in Spain )
  • Castilian revolt 1520 - put down by nobility
  • returned to Spain quickly after diet of worms to oversee the return of order
  • 12 years spent strengthening bond with subjects - won hearts ( married Isabel his cousin and had Philip
  • Spain gave Charles the money he needed
• how France distracted Charles

  • 1521 - France invaded Navarre
  • was 5 wars between France and Spain in 1521-59
  • causes of wars : Francis Valois lost title of emperor to Charles , land -claimed lands from centaury's ago , habsburg Valois feud
  • Francis felt threatened by being enclosed by habsburg lands
  • French aligned with ottomans
  • French also financed and strengthened schmalkaldic league
• how ottoman empire distracted Charles

  • Charles Austrian territories provided a buffer for empire
  • ottomans were the reason edict of worms wasn't enforced
  • 1529 sutan launched a campaign against Austria Vienna
  • also were a threat due to piracy
• limited support for Charles from catholic princes

  • feared Charles intentions would increase his authority at the expense of theirs
  • reluctant to intervene on the principle that German princes should have the authority to act as they wished in their own territories
  • believed that any effort to bring the Lutheran princes back into line would ultimately affect them
• significance of the smalkaldic war ( 1546 - 47 )

  • Charles wanted to achieve unity so used force
  • 1546 was at peace with ottomans / French
  • Maurice of Saxony went from the league to Charles
  • league was divided / poorly led
  • battle of muhlberg 1547 - protestant's taken by surprise and Charles won battle
  • over 7000 killed, 1000 taken prisoner i.e. Hesse surrendered and john of Saxony was imprisoned
  • the league was dissolved
• consequences of this war

  • Charles victory was not long lasting
  • forces were dismissed - popes army returned to Rome
  • emperors alliance with catholic princes fell apart
  • new protestant league formed in 1551 by Maurice
• the peace of Passau ( 1552 )

  • Charles decided to focus on French invasion - was worried about alliance between henry 11 of France and protestant princes also Charles wanted Tyrol and lands into Italy back
  • Charles guaranteed Lutherans religious freedoms and cancelled interim of Augsburg
  • prince prisoners were released
  • Charles had failed to secure church unity
• the peace of Augsburg ( 1555)

  • Charles was not present and his brother ferdinand acted for him
  • Charles refused to attend this meeting
  • brought an end to religious division as it was agreed that the ruler of each territory could decide the religion and those who disagreed could immigrate
• the peace of Augsburg ( 1555) p2

  • treaty was made which contained : - princes were free to choose own religion - inhabitants of territory had to adopt religion or move - only Catholicism and Lutheranism were recognized as faiths
  • Ferdinand was forced to deliver whatever the princes wanted
  • lutherism was officially legal - princes were ultimately victorious and gained there independence
  • was recognized that the unity of the church could no longer be achieved
• the failure to respond effectively to Luther

  • forced Luther to develop his ideas - Luther will not go to Rome so Cajetan interviews him in 1518
  • church underestimates the problem of Luther
  • anti - clericalism in Germany makes it difficult to act due to resentment about taxes
  • many popes were representatives of the abuses of the church
  • the papacy can not reach Luther
  • Luther is able to burn papal bull without punishment
  • pope is often distracted i.e. sack of Rome 1527
  • pope is worried about power of Charles
  • despite Paul 111 attempts to reform not enough for protestants
• popes

  • 1513 - 22 Leo X
  • 1522 - 23 Adrian v1
  • 1523 - 34 Clement v11
  • 1534 - 49 Paul 111
• the sack of Rome ( 1527)

  • sack - the looting or pilgrimage of a town
  • 1527 - imperial army sacked Rome - 25000 unpaid mercer's
  • happened for weeks - took money , jewels even prisoners' and demanded ransom
  • clement fled to papal fortress - was taken poisoner and this shocked catholic Europe
  • after sack 1530 - Charles was crowned holy roman emperor
  • 1530 sent Campeggio to diet of Augsburg
  • did not result on a council - clement began to challenge Charles i.e. aligned with France
• Paul 111 and his attempts to reform

  • has a mistress and 5 children
  • was aware of failings of the church - tried to call a council in 1536 and was prevented by the 3rd habsburg Valois war
  • tried to fix church in Rome as he ordered 80 bishops to return to their dioceses
  • he gave support to religious orders including the capuchins ( 1529)
  • appointed 5 members of the orditory of divine love as he hoped to regenerate church by setting example
• the consillium ( 1537)

  • a report on the failings of the church - criticized standards of Rome i.e. selling posts to the highest bidder
  • Paul suppressed the report
  • the reporters recommendations would have been impossible to implement as the monarchs would ignore a small Italian committee - needed support of catholic monarchs i.e. 1538 went to nice and negotiated a 10 year truce for Francis and Charles
• the council of Trent ( 1545 )

  • Charles wanted a council to reform abuses and reconcile with protestants - where as Paul wanted a sharp definition of catholic doctrine , Paul was a realist as differences were never going to be fixed an Regensburg proved this
  • closed its doors on reconciliation with Protestantism
  • labeled heretics as anyone whose belief did not conform

  conclusion

  lutherism in Italy was persecuted into extinction

  1/3 of Germany is still Lutheran to this day
• papacy's SUCESS in response to Lutheranism

  • consillium being produced
  • 10 year truce between Charles and Francis
  • Lutheranism in Italy forced into extension
  • 1545 a general council was called
  • heretic label became more defined
  • doctrine was now clear
• papacy's FAILURES in response to Lutheranism

  • consillium being suppressed
  • rejected Regensburg book and ending attempts to reunite the church
  • the council of Trent failed - no way to reconcile with protestants
  • Germany was split