key topic 4

    Cards (32)

    • the failure of catholic Lutheran negotiations
      reasons why they failed
      • Charles was not present in Germany - diet of Speyer was organized by Ferdinand
      • left too long to take action - 20 years
      • distracted by ottoman empire
      • was fighting for compromise - Frankfurt
      • lack of help from papacy
      • lack of power of Charles i.e. princes
    • the diet of Speyer ( 1526 + 1529 )
      • 1526: was called due to a religious crisis - alarmed everyone in authority - was attended by 8 Lutheran princes and 5 catholic princes
      • Charles was busy in Spain so his brother opened diet - wanted to enforce edict of worms which was rejected by princes as most were Lutheran and didn't want a civil war
      • aim was to undermine Lutheranism peacefully
      • passed recces of Speyer - stated each prince should enforce the faith as he would have to answer to god and the emperor
    • 1529 : 2cnd diet
      • revoked recess of Speyer - edict made compulsory
      • condemned death to anyone performing adult baptism
      • 14 cities and 6 princes published a protestation which declared the diet had no right to annul a decision made unanimously
      • didn't enforce the edict as Charles was too busy fighting ottoman empire
    • diet of Regensburg ( 1530 )
      colloquy of Regensburg
      • was to compromise on double justification
      • Philip exposed as an bigamist - Charles used this to insist both religious parties work out there differences
      • negotiations failed
      • Charles then decided force must be used however he deferred war
    • importance of Fredrick the wise ( protected Luther )
      • refused for Luther to be sent to Rome and asked Augustinian order to punish Luther instead
      • refused papal bull to burn luthers work
      • asked for safe conduct for Luther in edict of worms
      • hid Luther away in Wartburg castle
    • why he could protect Luther
      • was the most senior elector
      • emperor Maximillian in 1519 courted his vote so Charles could secure it
      • pope Leo x wanted Fredrik to stand as a candidate for emperor
      • Charles v owed Fredrick money and was grateful for his vote
      • reasons for protection
      • Luther increased university's image
      • Tetzel threatened Fredricks own indulgences i.e. relic collection
    • importance of protestant princes
      Albrecht of Hohenzollern
      • grand master of Teutonic order - to aid people on pilgrimages and run hospitals for German knights
      • reasons for converting : heard Luther speak in worms , openly Lutheran from 1525
      • financial reasons for converting : provided a school in every town , created hereditary duch of Prussia for him and his heirs
      • turned a castle into his home
    • importance of protestant princes
      Philip of Hesse
      • landgrave - 3rd highest prince
      • his importance came from military - key role in defeating peasants revolt 1525
      • financial reasons for converting : founded university's and hospitals
      • kept 41% of profits for himself
      • monastic lands provided 1/7th of his income
    • importance of protestant princes
      john of steadfast
      • brother to Fredrick - succeeded
      • second most important in empire
      • also protected Luther
      • Saxony was head of Lutheran state
      • financial reasons for converting : used church money to pay off electors debts
      • left the existing churches in possession of Lutheran churches
    • reasons why princes converted
      • faith : diet of Speyer meant no punishment stated each prince could choose its own religion
      • financial : less church buildings meant more rents , can confiscate church treasure and property
    • the schmalkaldic league ( 1531 ) formation
      • meeting in schmaldic to form a league to defend Lutheranism by force - 5 northern princes and representatives
      • Luther wasn't originally on board - only agreed as its aim was defensive
      • charters stated an attack on one person was an attack on all
      • each member contributed 10,000 inventory + 2000 cavalry
    • the Schmalkaldic league (1531) p2
      • adopted Augsburg confession as religious statement
      • by 1540 almost all of North and large parts of south had converted to lutherism
      • restored duke Ulrich to his territories with help of French money - he was deposed for murdering a man to marry his wife
      • once he joined he helped himself to 3/4 of church assets
      • 1532 - ottoman empire attacked Austria lead to the truce of Nuremburg as Charles stated peace in return for men
    • significance of league
      • gave Lutheranism important supporters and protection
      • adopted Augsburg confession - les likely to compromise
      • gave people confidence to convert
    • Charles v and Lutheranism ( issues )
      • general council refused to meet as it was seen as an German issue -- when they met never addressed actual issues only wanted to restore Catholicism
      • decided to use force after 1541 as he had the resources and wasn't distracted
      • he wanted to restore Catholicism and some of his own power
      • won battle of muhlberg - gained some control of empire
      • this created issues as French and ottomans still causing trouble and papacy tried to undermine Charles as they saw him as a threat
    • the problems of Charles v
      • emergence of Lutheran ideas - anti clericalism caused by abuses of the church which lead to the strength and appeal of luthers ideas
      • speed at which ideas spread ( printing )
      • lack of power in holy roman empire - no army , no taxes
      • other obligations i.e. Charles size of empire - king of Spain and away from Germany
      • distractions i.e. war with French and ottomans
      • lack of cash due to wars
      • passage of time - took too long to take action
      • lack of support from papacy
    • how Spain distracted Charles
      • Charles felt it was more important to be in Spain - only visited Germany in 1520 - 21 in the 20s ( spent 12 years in Spain )
      • Castilian revolt 1520 - put down by nobility
      • returned to Spain quickly after diet of worms to oversee the return of order
      • 12 years spent strengthening bond with subjects - won hearts ( married Isabel his cousin and had Philip
      • Spain gave Charles the money he needed
    • how France distracted Charles
      • 1521 - France invaded Navarre
      • was 5 wars between France and Spain in 1521-59
      • causes of wars : Francis Valois lost title of emperor to Charles , land -claimed lands from centaury's ago , habsburg Valois feud
      • Francis felt threatened by being enclosed by habsburg lands
      • French aligned with ottomans
      • French also financed and strengthened schmalkaldic league
    • how ottoman empire distracted Charles
      • Charles Austrian territories provided a buffer for empire
      • ottomans were the reason edict of worms wasn't enforced
      • 1529 sutan launched a campaign against Austria Vienna
      • also were a threat due to piracy
    • limited support for Charles from catholic princes
      • feared Charles intentions would increase his authority at the expense of theirs
      • reluctant to intervene on the principle that German princes should have the authority to act as they wished in their own territories
      • believed that any effort to bring the Lutheran princes back into line would ultimately affect them
    • significance of the smalkaldic war ( 1546 - 47 )
      • Charles wanted to achieve unity so used force
      • 1546 was at peace with ottomans / French
      • Maurice of Saxony went from the league to Charles
      • league was divided / poorly led
      • battle of muhlberg 1547 - protestant's taken by surprise and Charles won battle
      • over 7000 killed, 1000 taken prisoner i.e. Hesse surrendered and john of Saxony was imprisoned
      • the league was dissolved
    • consequences of this war
      • Charles victory was not long lasting
      • forces were dismissed - popes army returned to Rome
      • emperors alliance with catholic princes fell apart
      • new protestant league formed in 1551 by Maurice
    • the peace of Passau ( 1552 )
      • Charles decided to focus on French invasion - was worried about alliance between henry 11 of France and protestant princes also Charles wanted Tyrol and lands into Italy back
      • Charles guaranteed Lutherans religious freedoms and cancelled interim of Augsburg
      • prince prisoners were released
      • Charles had failed to secure church unity
    • the peace of Augsburg ( 1555)
      • Charles was not present and his brother ferdinand acted for him
      • Charles refused to attend this meeting
      • brought an end to religious division as it was agreed that the ruler of each territory could decide the religion and those who disagreed could immigrate
    • the peace of Augsburg ( 1555) p2
      • treaty was made which contained : - princes were free to choose own religion - inhabitants of territory had to adopt religion or move - only Catholicism and Lutheranism were recognized as faiths
      • Ferdinand was forced to deliver whatever the princes wanted
      • lutherism was officially legal - princes were ultimately victorious and gained there independence
      • was recognized that the unity of the church could no longer be achieved
    • the failure to respond effectively to Luther
      • forced Luther to develop his ideas - Luther will not go to Rome so Cajetan interviews him in 1518
      • church underestimates the problem of Luther
      • anti - clericalism in Germany makes it difficult to act due to resentment about taxes
      • many popes were representatives of the abuses of the church
      • the papacy can not reach Luther
      • Luther is able to burn papal bull without punishment
      • pope is often distracted i.e. sack of Rome 1527
      • pope is worried about power of Charles
      • despite Paul 111 attempts to reform not enough for protestants
    • popes
      • 1513 - 22 Leo X
      • 1522 - 23 Adrian v1
      • 1523 - 34 Clement v11
      • 1534 - 49 Paul 111
    • the sack of Rome ( 1527)
      • sack - the looting or pilgrimage of a town
      • 1527 - imperial army sacked Rome - 25000 unpaid mercer's
      • happened for weeks - took money , jewels even prisoners' and demanded ransom
      • clement fled to papal fortress - was taken poisoner and this shocked catholic Europe
      • after sack 1530 - Charles was crowned holy roman emperor
      • 1530 sent Campeggio to diet of Augsburg
      • did not result on a council - clement began to challenge Charles i.e. aligned with France
    • Paul 111 and his attempts to reform
      • has a mistress and 5 children
      • was aware of failings of the church - tried to call a council in 1536 and was prevented by the 3rd habsburg Valois war
      • tried to fix church in Rome as he ordered 80 bishops to return to their dioceses
      • he gave support to religious orders including the capuchins ( 1529)
      • appointed 5 members of the orditory of divine love as he hoped to regenerate church by setting example
    • the consillium ( 1537)
      • a report on the failings of the church - criticized standards of Rome i.e. selling posts to the highest bidder
      • Paul suppressed the report
      • the reporters recommendations would have been impossible to implement as the monarchs would ignore a small Italian committee - needed support of catholic monarchs i.e. 1538 went to nice and negotiated a 10 year truce for Francis and Charles
    • the council of Trent ( 1545 )
      • Charles wanted a council to reform abuses and reconcile with protestants - where as Paul wanted a sharp definition of catholic doctrine , Paul was a realist as differences were never going to be fixed an Regensburg proved this
      • closed its doors on reconciliation with Protestantism
      • labeled heretics as anyone whose belief did not conform
      conclusion
      lutherism in Italy was persecuted into extinction
      1/3 of Germany is still Lutheran to this day
    • papacy's SUCESS in response to Lutheranism
      • consillium being produced
      • 10 year truce between Charles and Francis
      • Lutheranism in Italy forced into extension
      • 1545 a general council was called
      • heretic label became more defined
      • doctrine was now clear
    • papacy's FAILURES in response to Lutheranism
      • consillium being suppressed
      • rejected Regensburg book and ending attempts to reunite the church
      • the council of Trent failed - no way to reconcile with protestants
      • Germany was split
    See similar decks