Charles was not present in Germany - diet of Speyer was organized by Ferdinand
left too long to take action - 20 years
distracted by ottoman empire
was fighting for compromise - Frankfurt
lack of help from papacy
lack of power of Charles i.e. princes
the diet of Speyer ( 1526 + 1529 )
1526: was called due to a religious crisis - alarmed everyone in authority - was attended by 8 Lutheran princes and 5 catholic princes
Charles was busy in Spain so his brother opened diet - wanted to enforce edict of worms which was rejected by princes as most were Lutheran and didn't want a civil war
aim was to undermine Lutheranism peacefully
passed recces of Speyer - stated each prince should enforce the faith as he would have to answer to god and the emperor
1529 : 2cnd diet
revoked recess of Speyer - edict made compulsory
condemned death to anyone performing adult baptism
14 cities and 6 princes published a protestation which declared the diet had no right to annul a decision made unanimously
didn't enforce the edict as Charles was too busy fighting ottoman empire
diet of Regensburg ( 1530 )
colloquy of Regensburg
was to compromise on double justification
Philip exposed as an bigamist - Charles used this to insist both religious parties work out there differences
negotiations failed
Charles then decided force must be used however he deferred war
importance of Fredrick the wise ( protected Luther )
refused for Luther to be sent to Rome and asked Augustinian order to punish Luther instead
refused papal bull to burn luthers work
asked for safe conduct for Luther in edict of worms
hid Luther away in Wartburg castle
why he could protect Luther
was the most senior elector
emperor Maximillian in 1519 courted his vote so Charles could secure it
pope Leo x wanted Fredrik to stand as a candidate for emperor
Charles v owed Fredrick money and was grateful for his vote
reasons for protection
Luther increased university's image
Tetzel threatened Fredricks own indulgences i.e. relic collection
importance of protestant princes
Albrecht of Hohenzollern
grand master of Teutonic order - to aid people on pilgrimages and run hospitals for German knights
reasons for converting : heard Luther speak in worms , openly Lutheran from 1525
financial reasons for converting : provided a school in every town , created hereditary duch of Prussia for him and his heirs
turned a castle into his home
importance of protestant princes
Philip of Hesse
landgrave - 3rd highest prince
his importance came from military - key role in defeating peasants revolt 1525
financial reasons for converting : founded university's and hospitals
kept 41% of profits for himself
monastic lands provided 1/7th of his income
importance of protestant princes
john of steadfast
brother to Fredrick - succeeded
second most important in empire
also protected Luther
Saxony was head of Lutheran state
financial reasons for converting : used church money to pay off electors debts
left the existing churches in possession of Lutheran churches
reasons why princes converted
faith : diet of Speyer meant no punishment stated each prince could choose its own religion
financial : less church buildings meant more rents , can confiscate church treasure and property
the schmalkaldic league ( 1531 ) formation
meeting in schmaldic to form a league to defend Lutheranism by force - 5 northern princes and representatives
Luther wasn't originally on board - only agreed as its aim was defensive
charters stated an attack on one person was an attack on all
each member contributed 10,000 inventory + 2000 cavalry
the Schmalkaldic league (1531) p2
adopted Augsburg confession as religious statement
by 1540 almost all of North and large parts of south had converted to lutherism
restored duke Ulrich to his territories with help of French money - he was deposed for murdering a man to marry his wife
once he joined he helped himself to 3/4 of church assets
1532 - ottoman empire attacked Austria lead to the truce of Nuremburg as Charles stated peace in return for men
significance of league
gave Lutheranism important supporters and protection
adopted Augsburg confession - les likely to compromise
gave people confidence to convert
Charles v and Lutheranism ( issues )
general council refused to meet as it was seen as an German issue -- when they met never addressed actual issues only wanted to restore Catholicism
decided to use force after 1541 as he had the resources and wasn't distracted
he wanted to restore Catholicism and some of his own power
won battle of muhlberg - gained some control of empire
this created issues as French and ottomans still causing trouble and papacy tried to undermine Charles as they saw him as a threat
the problems of Charles v
emergence of Lutheran ideas - anti clericalism caused by abuses of the church which lead to the strength and appeal of luthers ideas
speed at which ideas spread ( printing )
lack of power in holy roman empire - no army , no taxes
other obligations i.e. Charles size of empire - king of Spain and away from Germany
distractions i.e. war with French and ottomans
lack of cash due to wars
passage of time - took too long to take action
lack of support from papacy
how Spain distracted Charles
Charles felt it was more important to be in Spain - only visited Germany in 1520 - 21 in the 20s ( spent 12 years in Spain )
Castilian revolt 1520 - put down by nobility
returned to Spain quickly after diet of worms to oversee the return of order
12 years spent strengthening bond with subjects - won hearts ( married Isabel his cousin and had Philip
Spain gave Charles the money he needed
how France distracted Charles
1521 - France invaded Navarre
was 5 wars between France and Spain in 1521-59
causes of wars : Francis Valois lost title of emperor to Charles , land -claimed lands from centaury's ago , habsburg Valois feud
Francis felt threatened by being enclosed by habsburg lands
French aligned with ottomans
French also financed and strengthened schmalkaldic league
how ottoman empire distracted Charles
Charles Austrian territories provided a buffer for empire
ottomans were the reason edict of worms wasn't enforced
1529 sutan launched a campaign against Austria Vienna
also were a threat due to piracy
limited support for Charles from catholic princes
feared Charles intentions would increase his authority at the expense of theirs
reluctant to intervene on the principle that German princes should have the authority to act as they wished in their own territories
believed that any effort to bring the Lutheran princes back into line would ultimately affect them
significance of the smalkaldic war ( 1546 - 47 )
Charles wanted to achieve unity so used force
1546 was at peace with ottomans / French
Maurice of Saxonywent from the league to Charles
league was divided / poorly led
battle of muhlberg 1547 - protestant's taken by surprise and Charles won battle
over 7000 killed, 1000 taken prisoner i.e. Hesse surrendered and john of Saxony was imprisoned
the league was dissolved
consequences of this war
Charles victory was not long lasting
forces were dismissed - popes army returned to Rome
emperors alliance with catholic princes fell apart
new protestant league formed in 1551 by Maurice
the peace of Passau ( 1552 )
Charles decided to focus on French invasion - was worried about alliance between henry 11 of France and protestant princes also Charles wanted Tyrol and lands into Italy back
Charles guaranteed Lutherans religious freedoms and cancelled interim of Augsburg
prince prisoners were released
Charles had failed to secure church unity
the peace of Augsburg ( 1555)
Charles was not present and his brother ferdinand acted for him
Charles refused to attend this meeting
brought an end to religious division as it was agreed that the ruler of each territory could decide the religion and those who disagreed could immigrate
the peace of Augsburg ( 1555) p2
treaty was made which contained : - princes were free to choose own religion - inhabitants of territory had to adopt religion or move - only Catholicism and Lutheranism were recognized as faiths
Ferdinand was forced to deliver whatever the princes wanted
lutherism was officially legal - princes were ultimately victorious and gained there independence
was recognized that the unity of the church could no longer be achieved
the failure to respond effectively to Luther
forced Luther to develop his ideas - Luther will not go to Rome so Cajetan interviews him in 1518
church underestimates the problem of Luther
anti - clericalism in Germany makes it difficult to act due to resentment about taxes
many popes were representatives of the abuses of the church
the papacy can not reach Luther
Luther is able to burn papal bull without punishment
pope is often distracted i.e. sack of Rome 1527
pope is worried about power of Charles
despite Paul 111 attempts to reform not enough for protestants
popes
1513 - 22 Leo X
1522 - 23 Adrian v1
1523 - 34 Clement v11
1534 - 49 Paul 111
the sack of Rome ( 1527)
sack - the looting or pilgrimage of a town
1527 - imperial army sacked Rome - 25000 unpaid mercer's
happened for weeks - took money , jewels even prisoners' and demanded ransom
clement fled to papal fortress - was taken poisoner and this shocked catholic Europe
after sack 1530 - Charles was crowned holy roman emperor
1530 sent Campeggio to diet of Augsburg
did not result on a council - clement began to challenge Charles i.e. aligned with France
Paul 111 and his attempts to reform
has a mistress and 5 children
was aware of failings of the church - tried to call a council in 1536 and was prevented by the 3rd habsburg Valois war
tried to fix church in Rome as he ordered 80 bishops to return to their dioceses
he gave support to religious orders including the capuchins ( 1529)
appointed 5 members of the orditory of divine love as he hoped to regenerate church by setting example
the consillium ( 1537)
a report on the failings of the church - criticized standards of Rome i.e. selling posts to the highest bidder
Paul suppressed the report
the reporters recommendations would have been impossible to implement as the monarchs would ignore a small Italian committee - needed support of catholic monarchs i.e. 1538 went to nice and negotiated a 10 year truce for Francis and Charles
the council of Trent ( 1545 )
Charles wanted a council to reform abuses and reconcile with protestants - where as Paul wanted a sharp definition of catholic doctrine , Paul was a realist as differences were never going to be fixed an Regensburg proved this
closed its doors on reconciliation with Protestantism
labeled heretics as anyone whose belief did not conform
conclusion
lutherism in Italy was persecuted into extinction
1/3 of Germany is still Lutheran to this day
papacy's SUCESS in response to Lutheranism
consillium being produced
10 year truce between Charles and Francis
Lutheranism in Italy forced into extension
1545 a general council was called
heretic label became more defined
doctrine was now clear
papacy's FAILURES in response to Lutheranism
consillium being suppressed
rejected Regensburg book and ending attempts to reunite the church
the council of Trent failed - no way to reconcile with protestants