key topic 3

• the diet of worms ( 1521 )

  • 2 papal representatives ( dr eck and cardinal alexander ) wanted to condemn Luther where as Charles only wanted money for the ottoman issue
  • Luther was escorted to the hearing and was cheered along the way
  • was asked to retract his beliefs - he asked for time to think of an answer lead to him solidifying his views
  • 26 April he was declared an outlaw - all Luther's works to be burnt and not printed
  • edict failed as the princes didn't enforce it - Charles was absent for the next 9 years
  • princes said they would enforce if pope considered 102 greviences
• Wartburg castle (1521- 22)

  • Luther was kidnapped and put in castle by Fredricks 5 agents
  • Luther changed his name to Junker George
  • spent his time translating the bible into German
  • Luther being put in the castle was done for his own protection
• views on radical reformation while Luther was away

  • Andrew Carlstadt and Gabriel Zwilling
  • put luthers words into action
  • mass was denounced
  • monks denounced their vows
  • announced all holy images should be destroyed ( iconoclasm)
• Zwickau prophets

  • said that the Turks would invade
  • unmarried priests would be killed
  • that people should be baptized as adults
• iconoclasm - destroying holy images and monuments

  • all holy statues were to be destroyed
  • lit a fire and burnt all images banners and crucifixes
  • cut heads of stone images
• luthers response to this

  • returned to Wittenberg
  • preached to restore order
  • IMPORTANT BEACUSE :
  • Luther made clear he was against glass roots activism and extremism
  • he spent all the 1520s writing in a way ordinary people can understand but he did accept some changes i.e. priests can marry
• the knights revolt (1522-23)

  • position of knights changed used to be strong/powerful and now lacked purpose and wealth
  • wanted to change this was encouraged by Ulrich von Hutton(knight/humanist)
  • stormed leir , wanted the archbishop removed to trigger a political revolution
  • wanted unification of all German speaking lands
  • archbishop refused to surrender so Hutton fled to Switzerland and died of syphilis
  • Luther was silent on matter which was hostile to the authority of the princes and was in favour of a government reform
• the peasants war (1525)

  social / economic causes

  • hardships of poverty i.e. population growth and enclosure
  • many wanted to regain their losses
• the peasants war (1525)|

  religious causes

  • priests were involved
  • peasants misunderstood luthers message
  • people thought Luther was a savior and that he was going to save them
• the peasants war (1525)

  key events

  • battle of frankhausen ended the war
• the peasants war (1525)

  luthers response

  • 12 articles of memmingum - Luther criticized this in a gentle way
  • toured Mansfield valley and tried to calm the peasants he was booed and spat at
  • 1525 published against the robbing and murdering hoards of peasants ---- said how authorities should kill peasants
  • was only published once rebellion was put down
• the peasants war (1525)

  consequences

  • Luther was blamed --> lost mass support in peasants , but gained support from authorities
  • 100,000 peasants dead and 270 castles were destroyed
  • lead to action against religious
  • anyone who preached rebellion was arrested punished and exiled
  • people were given instructions on what to preach
  • became a clear distinction between a magisterial and radical reformation
  • catholic and Lutheran princes both agreed that radical reform should be destroyed
  • made clear that the only two choices of faith were Catholicism and Lutheranism
• the peasants war (1525)

  why revolt failed ?

  • weren't well armed
  • was a 5 in 1 rebellion - all had different aims
  • didn't have luthers support
• the doctrine of the real presence - teachings of Luther

  • said that gospels had to be taken literally
  • divided him and other reformers as they couldn't agree on what it signified
  • Erasmus - had a European outlook where as Luther was a German nationalist - Erasmus didn't believe in luthers ideas
• translating the bible ( 1522-34)

  • new testament was translated in Wartburg castle
  • 1520s old testament was translated - completed in 1534
  • about 200,000 copies before he died
  • created some controversy as he wanted to create a German bible not some dumb translation
• the German mass (1526)

  • released 2 publications concerning service of mass
  • 1523 - concerning the order or public worship
  • 1526 - deutsch mass ( German mass )
  • states how preaching the word of god was most important
  • Deutsch mass refers his views on eucharist being that Luther believed in the real presence of Christ
• The catechisms (1529)

  • a catechism is a set of instructions for inspectors of churches
  • written by Luther to look into radical preaching that caused the peasants revolt
  • the large catechism - manual instructions for ministers who wanted a deeper and fuller explanation
  • the small catechism - short , only addressing key points of faith
  • overall was successful
• Philip Melanchthon + his relationship with Luther

  • 1525-26 - acted as an advisor to many reforming cities i.e. Nuremburg asked him to devise a curriculum for its training school of preachers in this time
  • 1530s represented Luther at meeting with emperors delegates in Augsburg
  • was luthers assistant with translating the bible
  • were friends ( drinking buddies )
  • were opposites but complimented each other
• loci communes (1521)

  • wanted to gather luthers scattered thoughts into one clear statement of Lutheran beliefs - called loci communes
  • it was an effort to prove Carlstadt and Zwickau profits wrong interelctually
  • made key decisions in luthers absence i.e. dropped penance from list of acceptable sacraments
  • Luther and Melanchthon didnt agree on all things - went through 50 additions in melanchthons lifetime
  • was considered required reading for understanding Lutheran theology
• Augsburg confession (1530)

  • Melanchthon wanted to repair branch with catholic church
  • Charles needed urgent unanimous German support against ottomans - needed Lutherans on side
  • Charles invited Lutherans to make a statement of their beliefs to him
  • Melanchthon attended diet as Luther could not attend due to edict of worms
• Augsburg confession p2

  • Augsburg confession consisted of 28 articles which set forth what Lutherans believed - was so moderate even eck found it acceptable
  • some fundamental disagreements still remained between religions i.e. doctrine of transubstantiation and marriage of priests
  • even though failed to reconcile two sides was still influential because many converting cities after 1530 adopted it as their statement of beliefs
  • was rejected were given 6 months to comply to eow or Charles would use force
• john Bugenhagen ( other influences )

  • 1520 came across Luther's pamphlet - on Babylonish captivity of the church
  • 1523- became pastor of main church
  • 1539 - became superintendent of the Lutheran church in Saxony
• the Saxon model - john Bugenhagen

  • determining how the new church should be structured
  • cardinals and archbishops were discarded
  • each ruler took charge in his own territory , each council took charge of its city
  • input of local authorities was essential in setting up and maintaining and defending the the new Lutheran churches
  • was an ideal system for Germany due to politically fragmented structure , many princes were happy to accept more responsibility as it meant more power
• success of the Saxon model

  • successfully exported Saxon model to 8 north Germany states and cities
  • 1537 - Denmark / Norway converted to Lutheranism and Bugenhagen himself crowned the king
• not successful - Saxon model

  • meant church was fragmented
  • no two churches were alike
  • could not be established where the ruler was unsympathetic
  • state church so if a prince converted to did its territory
  • was a limiting factor in the growth of Lutherism outside the empire
• Philip of Hesse - in luthers down fall ( bigamy scandal)

  • 3rd highest prince in Germany
  • Luther said to Philip that he should take a second wife
  • Luther got backlash as he appeared a hypocrite and lost support as he ignored his own emphasis on family values
  • the scandal deferred the movement of the reformation
• reasons for luthers declining influences

  • edict of worms limited luthers travel so he could not be present in important meeting
  • absence ford others to be face of reformation
  • after 1520s no new work - focused on translating the bible
  • peasants revolt took reformation into hands of authorities
  • his personal opinions i.e. stance on peasants revolt
  • role in Philip of Hesse bigamy sandal
  • refusal to compromise - continued to alienate and divide
  • 1540 ceased to be an asset to the reforming movement
• growing divergence between Lutheran and catholic beliefs

  • solar fiede vs good works
  • 2 sacraments vs 7
  • transubstantiation vs consubstantiation