Extra

• Relative atomic mass


  • A weighted average of the isotope mass which considers the mass of each isotope and how often it occurs (its abundance)
• Formula for relative atomic mass


  Formula:

  
• Damages of Radiation and Radioisotopes

  Radiation can cause diseases like:

  • Cancer
  • Sterility or mutations in the body
  • Damaged tissues and organs that impact their functionality.
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Reddened skin
  • Hair loss
  • Radiation injuries and burns
  • Death.
• Uses of Isotopes


  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Research about Earth
  • National Security
  • hydrocarbon exploration
• Radioisotopes and Nuclear medicine


  Radioisotopes are used to help detect and treat cardiovascular problems and cancer. When examining blood flow to organs and assessing organ function or growth, a radioisotope will be injected or taken orally into the body, circulate throughout and then be absorbed by tissues. The distribution can be tracked through the radiation released, which can facilitate screening as it can detect diseases. They can also be used to treat cancers by killing the cells.
• Stable Isotopes in Earth Research


  Stable isotopes can be used to map the migration of butterflies and help protect resources in their breeding environments. They can also be used for research in agriculture, such as using bio-nitrogen fertilisers that allow scientists to track how effectively crops absorb fertiliser.
• Isotopes in National Security


  Isotopes are used in national security to protect countries from physical and chemical threats at borders, such as when neutron detectors containing lithium-6 can detect nuclear materials and threats attempting to illegally cross borders.
• Isotopes in Hydrocarbon exploration


  Isotopes are used in oil and gas exploration for hydrocarbon exploration. Isotopes such as Carbon-13 can be implemented as a natural tracker for hydrocarbon compounds, which form the basis of energy sources such as natural gas, coal, and crude oil, among others
• Radioisotope examples


  • Cesium - 137
  • Hydrogen - 3
  • Carbon - 14
  • Chlorine - 36
  • Lead - 210
  • Technetium - 99
  • Uranium - 238
  • Thorium - 232
• Uses of Alpha radiation

  • Smoke Detectors
  • Radiotherapy
  • Pacemakers
• Uses of Beta Radiation


  • X-ray medical imaging
  • Radiotherapy
• Uses of Gamma radiation


  • Medical imaging
  • Sterilisation
  • Cancer treatment
• Radioactive half-life


  The time required for the quantity of the radioisotope to decay by half. If the half-life of an isotope is relatively short, e.g. a few hours, most of the radioactivity will be gone in a few days.
• Isotopes of Carbon

  • Carbon - 12
  • Carbon - 13
  • Carbon - 14
• Isotopes of Lithium

  • Lithium - 6
  • Lithium - 7
• Isotopes of Hydrogen

  • Hydrogen - 1
  • Hydrogen - 2
  • Hydrogen - 3
• Isotopes of Magnesium

  • Magnesium - 24
  • Magnesium - 25
  • Magnesium -26
• Isotopes of Copper

  • Copper - 63
  • Copper - 65
• Isotopes of Chlorine

  • Chlorine - 35
  • Chlorine - 37
• Isotopes of Uranium

  • Uranium - 234
  • Uranium - 235
  • Uranium - 238