SUMMATIVE TEST 2 REVIEW P2

• Organic Chemistry

  • Functional groups (Hydrocarbons)
  • study of carbons and its compounds
  • a.k.a "Chemistry of Life- because carbon is everywhere

  
  

  Example: Fossil Fuels, Plants and animals include gasoline, oil and sugars.
• >Hydrocarbon<

  • contains only the element H&C.
  • "All hydrocarbons are organic but not all organic compound is hydrocarbon.
• Properties of Organic Compounds

  1. Non-Electrolytes (do not conduct electricity)
  2. React slowly because they are covalent (nonmetal + nonmetal)
  3. Usually low melting point and boiling point
  4. Insoluble and immiscible in water
• Why is carbon so special?

  • It has 4 valence electrons, so it can bond 4 times to achieve a stable octet.

  
• Types of Chemical Formulas

  • Molecular Formula- shows the # of atoms of each element in a compound (least informative formula) Ex. Propane = C3H8
• Condensed/Collapsed Formula

  • a combination of both structural and molecular formulas-each carbon is written with its constituent hydrogens followed by the proper subscript.
  • Ex. Propane = CH3CH2CH3
• HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

  • Table Q shows the general formulas and structures for 3 families of hydrocarbons

  
• Alkanes

  • single bonded hydrocarbons contain ONLY (C-C)
  • These bonds are considered saturated. They have the maximum number of hydrogens attached. Remember that each bond represents 1 pair of shared electrons (2 e-total per bond)
  • General formula: CnH2n+2 (Wherein n is # of carbons)
• Alkenes

  • double bonded hydrocarbons contain (C=C)
  • These bonds are considered unsaturated.
  • General formula: CnH2n

  Example: Butene

  
• Alkynes

  • triple bonded hydrocarbons contains (C- C triple bonds)
  • These bonds are considered unsaturated
  • General formula CnH2n-2
  • Example: Propyne

  
• How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC

  A) Meth

  B) eth

  C) prop

  D) but

  E) pent

  F) hex

  G) hept

  H) oct

  I) non

  J) dec

  
• Steps in naming simple (unbranched) hydrocarbons:

  1. How many carbon atoms are in the longest continuous chain? 2. Find the prefix for this from Table P.

  3. If it is an alkane, simply add the suffix “-ane” to the name.

  A) ethane

  
• 3. If it is an alkene, you must first indicate the location of the double bond(s) if the molecule has more than 3 Cs. Do this by numbering the carbons on the chain and stating the lowest carbon # where the double bond is located. Then add the suffix “-ene” to the name.

  
• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, replace hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon and give the compound distinctive physical and chemical properties
• Answer

  A) Alchohols

  B) ol

  
• Answer

  A) aldehydes

  B) al

  
• Answer

  A) amide

  B) amide

  
• Answer

  • Name it by Alkyl + Benzene group

  A) Aromatic hydrocarbon

  B) Benzene

  
• aNSWER

  A) Carboxyl Group

  B) oic acid

  
• answer

  A) Ester

  B) anoate

  
• Answer

  • Name it by Alkyl Group + Ether

  A) Ether

  B) ether

  
• STUDY THIS IMAGE

  
• Haloalkanes- (Alkyl halides) Have one of the halogens as a branched group

  • F (fluoro)
  • Cl (chloro)
  • Br (bromo)
  • I (iodo)
• Answer

  A) Chloromethane

  
• Answer

  A) Ketones

  B) one

  
• Answer

  A) Thiol

  B) thiol

  C) mercaptans

  
• Amine

  • single nitrogen
  • -amine