tortora respi

• What are the three basic steps involved in respiration?

  (1) Pulmonary ventilation, (2) external respiration, and (3) internal respiration
• What components make up the respiratory system?

  The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• How is the respiratory system divided?

  Into an upper and lower respiratory system
• What is the function of the external portion of the nose?

  It warms, moistens, and filters air and functions in olfaction and speech
• What are the openings to the exterior of the nose called?

  External nares
• What are the anatomical regions of the pharynx?

  The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

  It functions in respiration
• What does the larynx connect?

  It connects the pharynx with the trachea
• What is the function of the epiglottis?

  It prevents food from entering the larynx
• What are vocal folds responsible for?

  Producing sound as they vibrate
• How does the trachea maintain its structure?

  It is composed of C-shaped rings of cartilage and smooth muscle
• What does the bronchial tree consist of?

  The trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
• What is the difference in structure between bronchi and bronchioles?

  Bronchi contain rings of cartilage; bronchioles contain smaller plates of cartilage and more smooth muscle
• What are the two layers of the pleural membrane?

  The parietal pleura and visceral pleura
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  Three lobes
• What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

  A segment of lung tissue supplied by segmental bronchi
• What are the components of alveolar walls?

  Type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
• Where does gas exchange occur?

  Across the respiratory membranes
• What does pulmonary ventilation consist of?

  Inhalation and exhalation
• What does Boyle's law state?

  The volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming temperature remains constant
• What happens during inhalation?

  Alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to move into the lungs
• What muscles are involved in forceful inhalation?

  Accessory muscles such as sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minors
• What occurs during exhalation?

  Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the lungs
• What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?

  It decreases the surface tension exerted by alveolar fluid
• What does compliance refer to in the respiratory system?

  The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can expand
• What is eupnea?

  Normal quiet breathing
• What are modified respiratory movements?

  Movements such as coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, sobbing, crying, laughing, and hiccupping
• What is used to measure lung volumes and respiration rate?

  A spirometer
• What are the lung volumes measured by spirometry?

  Tidal volume, minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation rate, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and FEV1.0
• What are lung capacities?

  The sum of two or more lung volumes
• What is the symbol for the partial pressure of a gas?

  Px
• What does Dalton's law state?

  Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if other gases were not present
• What does Henry's law state?

  The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility
• How do O2 and CO2 diffuse during respiration?

  From areas of higher partial pressures to areas of lower partial pressures
• What is external respiration?

  The exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries
• What is internal respiration?

  The exchange of gases between systemic blood capillaries and tissue cells
• What factors influence the control of breathing?

  Cortical influences, inflation reflex, chemical stimuli, proprioceptor input, blood pressure changes, limbic system stimulation, temperature, pain, and airway irritation
• How does exercise affect the respiratory system?

  The rate and depth of breathing change in response to the intensity and duration of exercise
• What happens to pulmonary perfusion during exercise?

  It increases along with O2-diffusing capacity
• What initiates the abrupt increase in breathing at the start of exercise?

  Neural changes that send excitatory impulses to the dorsal respiratory group