❤️ respi

• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  To provide an airway for air movement and facilitate gas exchange
• How does the respiratory system contribute to gas exchange?

  It allows atmospheric oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to diffuse out
• What happens if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails?

  It disrupts homeostasis and can lead to rapid cell death from oxygen starvation
• What are the three basic processes of respiration?

  Ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration
• What organs make up the respiratory system?

  Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• What distinguishes the upper respiratory system from the lower respiratory system?

  The upper respiratory system includes the nose and pharynx, while the lower includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• What is the conducting system of the respiratory system?

  A series of cavities and tubes that conduct air into the lungs
• What is otorhinolaryngology?

  A branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ear, nose, and throat
• What is the structure of the external portion of the nose?

  It is made of cartilage and skin, lined with mucous membrane
• What are the functions of the interior structures of the nose?

  Warming, moistening, filtering air, receiving olfactory stimuli, and modifying speech sounds
• What is rhinoplasty?

  A surgical procedure to alter the structure of the external nose
• What are the anatomical regions of the pharynx?

  Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

  It functions in respiration
• What is the role of the larynx?

  It connects the pharynx with the trachea and contains structures for voice production
• What are the components of the larynx?

  Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, and paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
• How do vocal folds produce sound?

  Sound originates from the vibration of the vocal folds
• What is laryngitis?

  An inflammation of the larynx usually caused by infection or irritants
• Where is the trachea located?

  It is anterior to the esophagus
• What is the composition of the trachea?

  It is composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

  They keep the airway open
• What are the two methods to bypass obstructions in the respiratory passageways?

  Tracheostomy and intubation
• What does the bronchial tree consist of?

  Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
• How does the histology of the bronchial tree change?

  The mucus membrane changes from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium
• What happens to cartilage as it moves from the trachea to the bronchioles?

  Cartilage rings are replaced by plates and eventually disappear in the bronchioles
• What happens to smooth muscle as cartilage decreases in the bronchial tree?

  The amount of smooth muscle increases
• What are the pleural membranes?

  They enclose and protect the lungs
• What is the difference between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura?

  The parietal pleura is the outer layer attached to the thoracic wall, while the visceral pleura covers the lungs
• What is pneumothorax?

  It is the presence of air in the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  Three lobes
• What is the cardiac notch?

  A depression in the left lung that accommodates the heart
• What are bronchopulmonary segments?

  Segments of lung tissue supplied by tertiary bronchi
• What are the components of alveoli?

  Type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
• What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

  They secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant
• What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

  It lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
• How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?

  It occurs across the alveolar-capillary membrane
• What is pulmonary ventilation?

  The process of moving air in and out of the lungs
• What is inhalation?

  The process of bringing air into the lungs
• What does Boyle's law state?

  The volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure at constant temperature
• What initiates the expansion of the lungs during inhalation?

  Contraction of the diaphragm
• When does inhalation occur?

  When alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure