tortora respi

• What gas do the body's cells continually use for metabolic reactions?

  Oxygen (O2)
• What is produced as a waste product during the metabolic reactions that generate ATP?

  Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Why must excess carbon dioxide be eliminated quickly?

  Because it produces acidity that can be toxic to cells
• Which two systems cooperate to supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?

  The cardiovascular and respiratory systems
• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  Gas exchange—intake of O2 and elimination of CO2
• What happens if either the cardiovascular or respiratory system fails?

  It disrupts homeostasis and can cause rapid death of cells
• Besides gas exchange, what are other functions of the respiratory system?

  Regulating blood pH, sense of smell, filtering air, producing sounds, and excreting water and heat
• What are the three basic steps involved in respiration?

  1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
• What is pulmonary ventilation?

  The inhalation and exhalation of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
• What occurs during external (pulmonary) respiration?

  The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries
• What is internal (tissue) respiration?

  The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
• What are the components of the respiratory system?

  The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• How can the respiratory system be classified structurally?

  Into the upper respiratory system and lower respiratory system
• What is the respiratory zone responsible for?

  Gas exchange between air and blood
• What is the function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

  To filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs
• What is the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ears, nose, and throat called?

  Otorhinolaryngology
• What are the three functions of the internal structures of the external nose?

  Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; detecting olfactory stimuli; modifying speech vibrations
• What is rhinoplasty?

  A surgical procedure to alter the shape of the external nose
• What is the nasal cavity lined with?

  Muscle and mucous membrane
• What divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides?

  The nasal septum
• What drains into the nasal cavity from the paranasal sinuses?

  Mucus
• What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

  To produce mucus and serve as resonating chambers for sound
• What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

  Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• What is the role of cilia in the nasopharynx?

  To move mucus down toward the most inferior part of the pharynx
• What does the nasopharynx receive from the nasal cavity?

  Air and dust-laden mucus
• What is the soft palate's function in the pharynx?

  It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
• What is the function of the auditory tubes in the nasopharynx?

  To equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
• What is the location of the pharyngeal tonsil?

  In the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
• What is the function of the oropharynx?

  It serves as a passageway for air and food
• What is the significance of the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx?

  It helps move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract
• What is the nasopharynx lined with?

  Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• What is the function of the cilia in the nasopharynx?

  They move mucus down toward the most inferior part of the pharynx
• How many openings are in the wall of the nasopharynx?

  Five openings
• What does the nasopharynx receive through the internal nares?

  Air from the nasal cavity along with dust-laden mucus
• What is located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

  The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
• What are the respiratory and digestive functions of the oropharynx?

  It serves as a common passageway for air, food, and drink
• What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

  Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• What are the two pairs of tonsils found in the oropharynx?

  The palatine and lingual tonsils
• Where does the laryngopharynx begin?

  At the level of the hyoid bone
• What does the laryngopharynx open into?

  The esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly