Groups in the periodic table

• What is the vertical column of non-metal elements on the far right of the periodic table called?

  Noble gases
• What do elements in the same group of the periodic table have in common regarding their outer shell?

  They have the same number of electrons in their outer shell
• What is the significance of the noble gases in terms of chemical reactivity?

  They lack chemical reactivity
• What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

  Atom
• How do the physical properties of noble gases change as you move down group 0?

  The boiling points increase as the atoms become larger
• What is the boiling point of helium?

  Lowest boiling point of any element
• What happens to the attractive forces between atoms as you go down group 0?

  The attractive forces become stronger
• What are intermolecular forces?

  Weak attractive forces between molecules
• What is required to overcome intermolecular forces when a substance melts or boils?

  Energy
• What are the physical properties of noble gases?

  • Low boiling points
  • Non-reactive
  • Exist as single atoms
• What trends are observed in the physical properties of noble gases as you move down group 0?

  • Boiling points increase
  • Atoms become larger
  • Intermolecular forces become stronger
• What is the main focus of the study material provided?

  The properties of noble gases in the periodic table
• What do elements in the same group of the periodic table share in terms of their physical properties?

  They show trends in physical properties, such as boiling point
• Why do noble gases have similar chemical properties?

  They have the same number of electrons in their outer shell
• What are noble gases?

  • Elements in group 0 of the periodic table
  • Named for their lack of chemical reactivity
  • Examples include helium, neon, and argon
• What does it mean for noble gases to be inert?

  They do not easily take part in chemical reactions
• What explains the inertness of noble gases?

  They have complete outer shells of electrons
• What happens to atoms when they react in terms of their outer shells?

  They complete their outer shells by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons
• Why do noble gases not share electrons to form molecules?

  They already have stable arrangements of electrons
• What is the smallest part of an element that can exist?

  An atom
• What is an electron?

  A subatomic particle with a negative charge and negligible mass
• What is the significance of complete outer shells in noble gases?

  It means they have no tendency to lose, gain, or share electrons
• How does the electronic structure of noble gases contribute to their chemical properties?

  The complete outer shells make them unreactive
• What is the first vertical column of elements in the periodic table called?

  Group 1
• What are the alkali metals in Group 1 known for?

  They have similar physical and chemical properties.
• What are some physical properties of alkali metals?

  They are soft, have relatively low melting points, and have low densities.
• How does the melting point change in Group 1 as you move down the group?

  • The melting point decreases as you go down Group 1.
  • Example melting points:
  • Lithium: 180°C
  • Sodium: 98°C
  • Potassium: 63°C
  • Rubidium: 39°C
  • Cesium: 28°C
• Why is the melting point of francium predicted to be lower than cesium's melting point?

  Because melting point decreases as you move down the group in the periodic table.
• What is the general trend of melting points in Group 1 alkali metals?

  • Melting points decrease from lithium to francium.
  • Example values:
  • Lithium: 180°C
  • Sodium: 98°C
  • Potassium: 63°C
  • Rubidium: 39°C
  • Cesium: 28°C
• What is the first vertical column of elements in the periodic table called?

  Group 1
• What do elements in the same group of the periodic table have in common?

  They have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
• What happens to the alkali metals when they react?

  They each lose one electron to form positively charged ions.
• What do alkali metals produce when they react with water?

  A metal hydroxide and hydrogen.
• What is sodium hydroxide classified as?

  An alkali.
• What is the pH of an alkaline solution?

  Greater than 7.
• What color does a universal indicator turn in an alkaline solution?

  Blue or purple.
• Write the word equation for the reaction of potassium with water.

  Potassium + Water → Potassium Hydroxide + Hydrogen.
• How does the reactivity of alkali metals change down the group?

  The reactivity increases going down the group.
• What observation is made when lithium is added to water?

  It fizzes steadily and slowly becomes smaller until it disappears.
• What happens when sodium is added to water?

  It fizzes rapidly and melts to form a ball.