Skeletal system

• What are joints in the skeletal system?

  Joints are points where two or more bones meet.
• What are the bones that meet at a joint called?

  The bones that meet at a joint are called the articulating bones.
• What are some examples of major joints in the body and their articulating bones?

  • Hip: patella and femur
  • Knee: femur and tibia
  • Shoulder: humerus and scapula
  • Elbow: humerus, radius, and ulna
  • Wrist: radius, ulna, and carpals
  • Ankle: tibia, fibula, and talus
• How many joint movements are there that you need to know?

  There are eight joint movements that you need to know.
• What are the eight joint movements and their descriptions?

  1. Flexion: Closing a joint (e.g., wrist movement during a basketball throw)
  2. Extension: Opening a joint (e.g., kicking a football)
  3. Adduction: Moving towards an imaginary center line (e.g., swinging a golf club)
  4. Abduction: Moving away from an imaginary center line (e.g., taking back a tennis racket)
  5. Rotation: Clockwise or anticlockwise movement (e.g., leg movement during a ballet turnout)
  6. Circumduction: Circular motion of a limb (e.g., bowling a cricket ball)
  7. Plantar-flexion: Extension of the ankle (e.g., pointing toes during gymnastics)
  8. Dorsiflexion: Flexion at the ankle (e.g., lifting toes during gymnastics)
• What is plantar-flexion in the context of joint movement?

  Plantar-flexion is the extension of the ankle, such as pointing the toes during gymnastics.
• What is dorsiflexion in the context of joint movement?

  Dorsiflexion is the flexion at the ankle, such as lifting the toes during gymnastics.
• What are the different types of joints in the body and their characteristics?

  • Ball and Socket: Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction (e.g., hip, shoulder)
  • Hinge: Allows flexion and extension only (e.g., knee, ankle, elbow)
  • Condyloid: Allows flexion, extension, adduction, and circumduction (e.g., wrist)
  • Pivot: Allows rotation only (e.g., neck - atlas and axis)
• Which joint type allows for the most range of movement?

  Ball and socket joints allow for the most range of movement.
• Which joint types allow for flexion and extension?

  Ball and socket, hinge, and condyloid joints allow for flexion and extension.
• Which joint types allow for adduction and abduction?

  Ball and socket and condyloid joints allow for adduction and abduction.
• Which joint types allow for rotation?

  Only pivot joints allow for rotation.
• Which joint types allow for circumduction?

  Ball and socket and condyloid joints allow for circumduction.
• What type of joint is found in the hip or shoulder?

  Ball and socket
• What movements can a ball and socket joint perform?

  Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation
• What type of joint is found in the knee or elbow?

  Hinge
• What movements are allowed by a hinge joint?

  Flexion and extension
• Which joint allows you to shake your head?

  Pivot joint
• What is the specific location of the pivot joint in the neck?

  Between the atlas and axis bones
• What type of movement does a pivot joint allow?

  Rotation
• What type of joint is found in the wrist?

  Condyloid
• What movements can a condyloid joint perform?

  Flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
• What type of joint is found between the tarsals or carpals?

  Gliding joint
• How do the bones in a gliding joint move?

  They slide over each other in all directions
• What are the main bones in the vertebral column?

  • Vertebrae
  • Atlas
  • Axis
• What are the names of the bones in the upper body?

  • Clavicle (collarbone)
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Sternum (breastbone)
  • Ribs
• What are the names of the bones in the lower body?

  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Patella (kneecap)
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• What are the functions of the cranium, sternum, and scapula?

  • Cranium: Protects the brain
  • Sternum and ribs: Protect the heart and lungs
  • Scapula: Protects the shoulder joint and aids arm movement
• What is the role of the pelvis in the skeletal system?

  • Protects reproductive organs and bladder
  • Provides attachment for muscles aiding leg movement
• What is the function of short bones like carpals and tarsals?

  • Carpals: Provide wrist stability and hand movement
  • Tarsals: Bear body weight during standing and running
• What is unique about the patella?

  • It is a sesamoid bone
  • Protects the tendon crossing the knee joint
• What are the four main types of bone in the skeleton?

  1. Long Bones
  2. Short Bones
  3. Flat Bones
  4. Irregular Bones
• What are the functions of long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones?

  • Long Bones: Assist movement
  • Flat Bones: Protect internal organs and allow muscle attachment
  • Irregular Bones: Provide protection and muscle attachment
• How do muscles interact with bones at joints?

  Muscles attached to bones by tendons can move bones at joints
• Why is movement at joints essential for sports performance?

  It is essential for good performance in sport
• What is the role of mineral storage in bones?

  • Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus
  • These minerals help with bone strength and muscle contraction
• How does mineral storage in bones aid performance in physical activity?

  It helps with bone strength, reducing the likelihood of breaks
• What are the characteristics of short bones?

  • Support body weight
  • Weight-bearing
• What are the characteristics of long bones?

  • Strong
  • Assist movement
• What are the characteristics of flat bones?

  • Protect internal organs
  • Allow muscle attachment