DNA, RNA and ATP

• what makes up a DNA nucleotide?

  A DNA nucleotide is made up of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).
• What are DNA and RNA polymers of?


  Nucleotides
• condensation reaction between two nucleotides forms what bond?


  Phosphodiester bonds
• What bond forms between complementary base pairs?


  Hydrogen bonds
• What are the properties of RNA?


  Single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil base, involved in protein synthesis, shorter polynucleotide chain
• what is the function of DNA?


  to hold genetic information
• What is the function of RNA?


  To transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• What is the process of DNA replication called?


  Semi conservative replication
• What does semiconservative replication of DNA ensure?


  Genetic continuity between generations of cells
• What is the first stage of semi conservative DNA replication?

  DNA helicase separates an unwinds DNAs double helix - breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs
• What is the second stage of semiconservative DNA replication?


  Free activated DNA nucleotides hydrogen bond to their complimentary base pair on the exposed template strand
• What is the third stage of semi conservative DNA replication?


  DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction between adjacent nucleotides to form phosphodiester bonds
• What is the fourth stage of semi conservative DNA replication?


  Two identical DNA molecules have now been formed. They each contain one original strand And one newly synthesised strand
• What does ATP stand for?


  Adenosine triphosphate
• What can ATP be described as?

  A nucleotide derivative
• What is ATP made of?


  A molecule of adenine, a molecule of ribose and three phosphate groups
• what does the hydrolysis of ATP make?


  ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi)
• What is the hydrolysis of ATP catalysed by?


  Hydrolase
• What can the hydrolysis of ATP be used for?


  The inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds, often making them more reactive
• What is the definition of phosphorylation?


  Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
• How is ATP resynthesised?


  By the condensation reaction of ADP and Pi
• What is the condensation of ADP and Pi catalysed by?


  ATP synthase
• When is ATP resynthesised?


  During photosynthesis or during respiration