Change

• What does the Crude Birth Rate (C.B.R.) measure?

  It shows the number of births per thousand of the population per year.
• How is the Crude Birth Rate (C.B.R.) calculated?

  1. B.R. = Number of births / Total population x 1000
• What is a limitation of the Crude Birth Rate (C.B.R.)?

  It does not take into account age or gender composition of the population.
• What does the Total Fertility Rate (T.F.R.) indicate?

  It gives the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
• What is the significance of a T.F.R. of 2.2?

  It is the estimated rate needed to replace a population.
• What does the Crude Death Rate (C.D.R.) measure?

  It is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
• How is the Crude Death Rate (C.D.R.) calculated?

  1. D.R. = Total number of deaths / Total population x 1000
• What is a limitation of the Crude Death Rate (C.D.R.)?

  It can be misleading due to the influence of the age structure of the population.
• Why might two countries have the same C.D.R. but different life expectancies?

  Differences in age structure can lead to similar C.D.R.s but varying life expectancies.
• What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measure?

  It measures the number of deaths of infants before the age of 1 per 1000 live births a year.
• Why is the IMR considered a reliable indicator of a country's health?

  Because infants are more susceptible to sickness and death than adults.
• What does life expectancy measure?

  It measures the average number of years a person can expect to live.
• How do high mortality rates in early age groups affect life expectancy?

  They lower the average life expectancy.
• What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

  It describes the transition of a country's population growth through various stages.
• Who developed the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

  Frank Notestein in 1945.
• What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

  1. Stage 1: High Stationary

  • High birth and death rates

  1. Stage 2: Early Expanding

  • High birth rates, falling death rates

  1. Stage 3: Late Expanding

  • Falling birth rates, low death rates

  1. Stage 4: Low Stationary

  • Low birth and death rates

  1. Stage 5: Declining

  • Birth rates fall below death rates
• What characterizes Stage 1 of the DTM?

  High and fluctuating birth and death rates, with no countries currently reported at this stage.
• What are the reasons for high birth rates in Stage 2 of the DTM?

  Lack of family planning and high infant mortality rates.
• What improvements lead to a decrease in death rates in Stage 2 of the DTM?

  Improvements in sanitation and food supplies.
• What characterizes Stage 3 of the DTM?

  Birth rates fall gradually while death rates continue to decline.
• What factors contribute to the decline in birth rates in Stage 3 of the DTM?

  Access to contraception and improved child survival rates.
• What is the significance of the demographic transition in relation to economic development?

  It reflects the cumulative influences of agricultural, industrial, and sanitary revolutions.
• What are the criticisms of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

  The DTM does not account for migration and cultural differences in LEDCs.
• How do developing countries differ in their population changes compared to MEDCs?

  Developing countries generally have higher birth rates and a steeper decline in death rates.
• What role does migration play in population changes in LEDCs?

  Migration can cause significant population changes that the DTM does not account for.
• What is the relationship between economic development and population changes in LEDCs?

  LEDCs often experience falling death rates while maintaining high birth rates.
• What are the effects of development on birth and death rates?

  • Decline in mortality initiates demographic transition.
  • Improvements in food supplies and public health reduce death rates.
  • Rapid population growth occurs due to the gap between falling death rates and stable birth rates.
  • Urbanization leads to the use of contraceptive methods.
  • Population cycle enters a stage of very slow growth when both rates are controlled.
• What are the reasons for continued population change in cities?

  Changing attitudes and awareness of family life may lead to fewer large families.
• What are some basic public interventions that reduce infant mortality?

  Immunizations, oral rehydration therapy, and birth spacing
• Why do stages 2 and early stage 3 of the demographic transition model have larger base populations?

  Because they experience high growth rates
• What is a questionable relationship in demographic studies?

  The relationship between population changes and economic development
• What does the demographic transition model (DTM) ignore that affects population changes in LEDCs?

  Migration
• How do LEDCs differ from MEDCs in terms of death and birth rates?

  LEDCs have a falling death rate and a continued high birth rate
• What are the reasons for continued population change in cities?

  • Changing attitudes towards family life
  • UN directives promoting smaller families
  • Barriers to reducing birth rates
• What demographic stages are MDCs and LDCs primarily in?

  • MDCs: Stages 3 & 4
  • LDCs: Stage 1 and 2
• What is the expected trend for wages in MDCs by 2050?

  Wages are expected to be much higher
• What is the population growth rate in some LDCs?

  Population increase exceeds 2% per year
• What factors keep birth rates high in LDCs?

  Government policies and women's status/cultural reasons
• What is the primary cause of mortality in LEDCs?

  Communicable diseases
• How does the epidemiological transition relate to population change?

  It examines changes in the pattern of death and disease as a country develops