Mycology

• How many species of fungi are known to be of medical importance?

  200
• How many fungi are responsible for identified fungal diseases in both man and animals?

  50
• What is the significance of fungi in the normal flora?

  They form part of the normal flora, providing protection.
• What role do fungi play in medicine?

  They are sources of antibiotics like Penicillin and immunosuppressive agents like cyclosporin.
• What is one of the roles of fungi in waste management?

  They break down and recycle organic matter.
• How do fungi contribute to nutrition?

  They include mushrooms that are edible and nutritious.
• In which industries are fungi significant?

  Food and beverage industry, including bread, cheese, and beer production.
• What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  • Prokaryotes: No nuclear membrane, single chromosome, 70S ribosomes, absent endoplasmic reticulum, absent mitochondria.
  • Eukaryotes: Present nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, 80S ribosomes, present endoplasmic reticulum, present mitochondria.
• What is the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

  Peptidoglycan and techoic acid.
• What is the composition of the cell wall in eukaryotes?

  Chitin and glucan.
• What type of respiration do eukaryotes primarily use?

  Aerobic respiration.
• What is the significance of the fungal cell wall?

  It confers shape and rigidity and mediates attachment to host cells during infection.
• What is the dominant sterol found in the fungal cell membrane?

  Ergosterol.
• How does asexual reproduction occur in fungi?

  Through methods like spore formation, hyphal fragmentation, budding, and fission.

  
• What are the methods of asexual reproduction in fungi?

  • Spore formation
  • Hyphal fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Fission

  
• What are conidia in fungal reproduction?

  They are spores formed externally on structures like conidiophores.
• What triggers sexual reproduction in fungi?

  Stress or changing environmental factors.
• What are the stages of sexual reproduction in fungi?

  1. Plasmogamy
  2. Karyogamy
  3. Meiosis
• What are the examples of sexual spores in fungi?

  Zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores.
• How are fungi classified based on reproduction?

  • Sexual
  • Asexual
• How are fungi classified based on morphology?

  • Yeast
  • Moulds
  • Dimorphic

  
• What are the clinical classifications of fungi?

  • Superficial
  • Cutaneous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Systemic
  • Opportunistic
• What is the characteristic of yeast?

  Unicellular and reproduce by budding or fission.
• What do moulds produce on culture media?

  Woolly, hairy, powdery, filamentous structures.
• What are aerial hyphae in moulds?

  Hyphae that grow above the surface of the agar.
• What factors affect dimorphism in fungi?

  Temperature, pH, glucose, and CO2 levels.
• What is the largest phylum of fungi?

  Ascomycota.
• What is the primary method of asexual reproduction in Ascomycota?

  Production of conidia.
• What is the difference between teleomorph and anamorph in Basidiomycota?

  Teleomorph refers to the sexual form, while anamorph refers to the asexual form.
• What are the types of mycosis?

  • Superficial mycosis
  • Cutaneous mycosis
  • Subcutaneous mycosis
  • Endemic mycosis
  • Opportunistic mycosis
• What is superficial mycosis?

  Fungal infections that invade only the superficial layer of the skin.
• What is an example of superficial mycosis?

  Pityriasis versicolor.
• What is cutaneous mycosis?

  Fungal infections that affect the keratinized layer of the skin.
• What are dermatophytes?

  Fungi that infect keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails.
• What are the common types of dermatophytosis lesions?

  • Tinea corporis (ringworm)
  • Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
  • Tinea cruris (jock itch)
  • Tinea capitis (scalp hair)
  • Tinea barbae (beard)
  • Tinea unguinum (onychomycosis)
• What is subcutaneous mycosis?

  Fungal infections involving deeper structures of the skin.
• What is an example of endemic mycosis?

  Histoplasmosis.
• What are opportunistic mycoses?

  Infections attributable to fungi found as commensals or in the environment.
• What are the predisposing factors for opportunistic mycosis?

  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Use of steroids
  • Immunosuppressive conditions
  • Cancers
  • Chemotherapy
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Epidemiologic exposure
• What diseases are associated with fungi in the central nervous system?

  • Meningitis
  • Abscess