Bacterial morphology

• What is the definition of bacteria?

  Bacteria are unicellular, free-living, microscopic microorganisms.
• What type of organisms are bacteria classified as?

  Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic organisms.
• What is the composition of bacterial chromosomes?

  Bacterial chromosomes are composed of a single closed DNA circle.
• What types of nucleic acids do bacteria possess?

  Bacteria possess both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• Where can bacteria be found?

  Bacteria are ubiquitous and occur everywhere, including water, soil, air, food, and the environment.
• What are some extreme conditions that some bacteria can survive?

  Some bacteria can survive extremes of temperature, pH, oxygen, and atmospheric pressure.
• What is the typical size of a bacterial cell?

  A bacterial cell is approximately $1 \mu m$ in diameter.
• How does the size of a bacterial cell compare to a human cell?

  A bacterial cell is 10 times smaller than a human cell.
• What is the outer covering of a bacterial cell called?

  The outer covering of a bacterial cell is called the cell wall.
• What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?

  The bacterial cell wall is primarily made up of peptidoglycan or murein.
• What are some external appendages that bacteria may contain?

  Bacteria may contain external appendages like cilia and flagella.
• What types of nutrition can bacteria utilize?

  Bacteria can be photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or parasites.
• What is the process through which some bacteria develop a highly resistant resting phase?

  Some bacteria develop a highly resistant resting phase or endospore through the process of sporulation.
• What are the key characteristics of bacterial cellular morphologies?

  • Characteristic of various types of bacteria
  • Key factor in identifying bacterial species
  • Examined under a light microscope for classification
• Why is the morphology of a bacterial cell important?

  The morphology of a bacterial cell is important as it is a distinguished property and affects pathogenicity.
• What are the components of the bacterial cell wall?

  The bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids.
• What are the different shapes of bacteria used for categorization?

  The different shapes of bacteria are cocci, bacilli, cocco-bacilli, spiral bacteria, and vibrio.
• What does the term "cocci" refer to?

  The term "cocci" refers to spherical bacteria.
• How can cocci bacteria be arranged?

  Cocci bacteria can be arranged as monococcus, diplococcus, streptococcus, tetrads, or staphylococcus.
• What is an example of a diplococcus bacteria?

  An example of a diplococcus bacteria is Neisseria spp.
• What is the arrangement of streptococci bacteria?

  Streptococci bacteria are joined in a plane and arranged in a chain pattern.
• What are tetrads in bacterial arrangement?

  Tetrads are cocci arranged in a group of 4 cells.
• What is the arrangement of staphylococcus bacteria?

  Staphylococcus bacteria are arranged in an irregular cluster that looks like grapes.
• What are sarcinae in bacterial arrangement?

  Sarcinae are anaerobic gram-positive bacteria that occur as a group of 8 cells.
• What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?

  Bacilli bacteria are rod-shaped.
• How are bacilli classified based on their arrangement?

  Bacilli are classified as bacillus, diplobacilli, or streptobacilli.
• What is an example of a coccobacilli bacteria?

  An example of a coccobacilli bacteria is Chlamydia trachomatis.
• What are spiral bacteria characterized by?

  Spiral bacteria are characterized by their spiral or helical shape.
• What are the two types of spiral bacteria?

  The two types of spiral bacteria are spirillum and spirochetes.
• What is an example of a spirillum bacteria?

  An example of a spirillum bacteria is Campylobacter jejuni.
• What is an example of a spirochete bacteria?

  An example of a spirochete bacteria is Treponema pallidum.
• What are comma-shaped bacteria known for?

  Comma-shaped bacteria are mostly gram-negative and known to cause various foodborne diseases.
• What is an example of a comma-shaped bacteria?

  An example of a comma-shaped bacteria is Vibrio cholerae.
• What are some other bacterial shapes beyond the main four?

  • Filamentous: long filamentous structure (e.g., Candidatus savagella)
  • Star-shaped: resembles a star (e.g., Stella humosa)
  • Rectangular: box-shaped (e.g., Haloarcula vallismortis)
  • Pleomorphic: changes shape and size (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumonia)
  • Appendaged: budding bacteria (e.g., Hypomicrobium)
• What is the unit of measurement used in bacteriology?

  The unit of measurement used in bacteriology is the micron (micrometer).
• What is the average size range of bacteria?

  The average size of bacteria ranges from 0.5 to 5 µm.
• What is the limit of resolution with the unaided eye?

  The limit of resolution with the unaided eye is about 200 microns.
• What are the key structures found in a bacterial cell and their roles?

  • Protoplast: whole body of the living cell
  • Cytoplasmic membrane: phospholipid layer
  • Cell wall: provides shape and protection
• What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

  The bacterial capsule has a protective function and helps in adherence.
• What is the composition of the bacterial capsule?

  The capsule is made up of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).