Again

• What is the process called when a cell divides to form two new cells?

  Cellular division
• Why do living things need to produce more cells?

  To grow, repair damaged tissue, and manage nutrient intake
• What is the original cell before division called?

  Parent cell
• What happens to a cell's DNA before it divides?

  It replicates all of its DNA
• What are the new cells formed after cellular division called?

  Daughter cells
• How do daughter cells compare to parent cells?

  They are exactly like the parent cells in type and chromosome number
• What type of reproduction do unicellular organisms like bacteria use?

  Asexual reproduction
• What is binary fission?

  A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria
• What is the haploid number of chromosomes in sex cells?

  23
• What is the role of the acrosome in sperm cells?

  It protects the sperm and helps it penetrate the egg
• What are somatic cells?

  All body cells except sex cells
• What type of cell division do somatic cells undergo?

  Mitosis
• What is the structure of DNA in a non-dividing cell called?

  Chromatin
• Why does DNA change from chromatin to chromosome during cell division?

  To prevent tangling and reinforce DNA
• What is the primary constriction of a chromosome called?

  Centromere
• What is the function of cohesin at the centromere?

  To hold sister chromatids together until they are ready to separate
• What are the types of chromosomes based on their centromere position?

  Metacentric, sub-metacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
• What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

  To synthesize new DNA strands
• What are Okazaki fragments?

  Short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand
• What is the function of DNA ligase?

  To join Okazaki fragments together
• What is the cell cycle sequence?

  Interphase → Mitosis → Cytokinesis
• What happens to cells when they become old or damaged?

  They die and are replaced with new cells
• What are benign tumors?

  Non-cancerous masses of cells
• What is cancer?

  A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
• What is the longest stage in meiosis?

  Prophase I
• What occurs during crossing over in meiosis?

  Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
• What is the result of meiosis?

  Four haploid daughter cells
• What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division?

  To connect to centromeres and pull chromosomes apart
• What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm after mitosis?

  Cytokinesis
• How do cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells?

  Animal cells pinch in, while plant cells form a cell plate
• What is the significance of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis?

  It facilitates the pairing of homologous chromosomes
• What is the term for the physical connection point between homologous chromosomes during crossing over?

  Chiasmata
• What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

  Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
• What is the outcome of telophase I in meiosis?

  Two haploid daughter cells are formed
• What is the role of the nuclear membrane during telophase I?

  It may return as the cell prepares to divide
• What is the significance of the bivalent structure during meiosis?

  It allows for genetic recombination through crossing over
• What is the term for the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

  Synapsis
• What is the function of the kinetochore?

  To attach spindle fibers to the centromere of chromosomes
• What is the role of cohesin during meiosis?

  To hold sister chromatids together until they are separated
• What is the term for the process of chromosome condensation?

  Chromosome condensation