Definitions of Abnormality

• Statistical infrequency

  Any behaviour that is statistically rare is abnormal

  
• Strengths and weaknesses of statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality?


  Strengths: Easy to quantify and apply in research (objective) Weaknesses: Doesn't consider cultural or situational factors, can label common behaviours that happen frequently as abnormal / some abnormal behaviours or traits are desirable
• Deviation from social norms


  Any thinking or behaviour that violates the unwritten rules on what is acceptable behaviour in a social group is abnormal
• Strengths and weaknesses of deviation of social norms as a definition of abnormality?


  Strengths: Simplicity, cultural flexibility Weaknesses: Subjective, lack of specificity/context, lacks temporal validity, cross-cultural misunderstandings
• Failure to function adequately


  A person who is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life is abnormal (e.g. holding down a job, caring for themselves)
• Strengths and weaknesses of failure to function adequately as a definition of abnormality?


  Strengths: Focuses on individual experience, considers subjective distress Weaknesses: Subjective, culturally biased, lacks clear criteria, sometimes failure to function is normal, some engage in normal maladaptive behaviour, certain personality disorders do not involve failure to function (e.g. Harold Shipman)
• Deviation from ideal mental health 


  Any behaviour that deviates from normal/ideal mental health is abnormal
• Rosenham & Seligman (1989) criteria of failure to function 


  • Personal distress
  • Maladaptive behaviour
  • Irrationality
  • Unpredictability
  • Unconventional
  • Observer discomfort
  • Violation of moral standards
• Strengths and weaknesses of deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality?


  Strengths: Simplicity, inclusivity, cultural sensitivity Weaknesses: Subjective, lack of clear criteria, potential for stigma, unachievable, ethnocentrism (non-western cultures cannot relate)
• Jahoda (1958) criteria for ideal mental health


  • Positive view of the self
  • Capability for growth and development
  • Self-actualisation
  • Autonomy and independence
  • Positive friendships + relationships
  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Environmental mastery
  • Resistance to stress