Respiratory

• What is the primary adaptation of lungs for gas exchange that increases the surface area?

  Many alveoli in each lung
• How does the large surface area of alveoli benefit gas exchange?

  It provides a gas exchange surface of many square meters
• What is the significance of the thin walls of alveoli?

  They allow for a short distance for gases to diffuse
• How many layers of cells separate oxygen from red blood cells in the alveoli?

  Two layers of cells
• Why is a moist surface important for gas exchange in the lungs?

  It helps gases to dissolve, facilitating diffusion
• What characteristic of the respiratory surface makes it effective for gas exchange?

  It is permeable
• How does the blood supply contribute to gas exchange in the alveoli?

  It ensures oxygen diffusing through is carried around the body
• What role does the process of breathing play in gas exchange?

  It ensures there is a large diffusion gradient
• How does a large diffusion gradient affect the movement of gases in the lungs?

  It encourages O2 to diffuse into blood and CO2 to diffuse from blood into alveoli
• What are the main adaptations of lungs for gas exchange?

  • Large surface area due to many alveoli
  • Thin walls with two layers of cells
  • Moist surface for gas dissolution
  • Permeable respiratory surface
  • Good blood supply from surrounding capillaries
  • Process of breathing maintains a large diffusion gradient
• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  Efficient gas exchange with the external environment
• How does the respiratory system deliver oxygen to cells?

  By absorbing it at a surface and transporting it to cells for respiration
• What waste products need to be removed by the respiratory system?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the structure of the respiratory system?

  • Nasal cavity
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Pleural membranes
• What happens to air before it reaches the trachea?

  It is warmed and filtered in the nasal cavity
• What keeps the trachea open during pressure changes?

  1. shaped incomplete rings of cartilage
• What type of cells line the nasal passages?

  Ciliated epithelial cells
• What is the function of mucus in the nasal passages?

  To trap microorganisms and help warm and filter incoming air
• What do pleural membranes do during breathing?

  They reduce friction as the lungs fill with air
• What is found in the pleural cavity that helps reduce friction?

  A small amount of pleural fluid
• Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

  In the alveoli
• How does oxygen move during gas exchange in the alveoli?

  It diffuses from a high concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood
• How does carbon dioxide move during gas exchange in the alveoli?

  It diffuses from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the alveoli
• What role do capillaries play in gas exchange at the alveoli?

  They allow oxygen to pass into the blood and carbon dioxide to pass into the alveoli
• Why is a concentration gradient important for gas exchange in the alveoli?

  It helps maintain the diffusion of gases across the alveoli
• What are the main parts of the respiratory system and their functions?

  • Nasal cavity: Where air enters, is warmed and filtered
  • Trachea: Connects upper throat to bronchi
  • Bronchi: Carry air into lungs
  • Bronchioles: Smaller tubes leading to alveoli
  • Alveoli: Site of gas exchange
  • Diaphragm: Muscular sheet aiding in breathing
  • Intercostal muscles: Move ribs during inhalation/exhalation
  • Pleural membranes: Reduce friction during breathing
  • Pleural fluid: Located in pleural cavity, reduces friction
• The bronchi are two tubes that branch off from the trachea into the lungs
• Where does gas exchange take place?

  Across the cell membranes
• Why is there a large surface area for gas exchange?

  Many cells are in contact with air spaces
• What are the characteristics of cell membranes that facilitate gas exchange?

  • Large surface area
  • Thin cell membranes
  • Moist cell membranes
  • Permeable cell membranes
• What role do spongy mesophyll and stomata play in gas exchange?

  They allow rapid diffusion and gas exchange
• Why do gases dissolve and diffuse quickly?

  To let gases across the cell membranes
• How does rapid gas diffusion help maintain the concentration gradient?

  It allows gases to diffuse quickly
• What is the purpose of the website mentioned for revision?

  To help with your revision
• What does the process of breathing involve?

  Movement of ribs causing volume and pressure changes
• What is the process of breathing also known as?

  Ventilation
• What is the thoracic cavity?

  The chest cavity in the body
• What are the key components involved in breathing?

  Muscles, volumes, and pressures
• What is the relationship between ribs, muscles, and thoracic cavity during breathing?

  • Ribs move to change thoracic cavity volume
  • Muscle contractions affect pressure within the cavity
  • Changes in volume and pressure facilitate airflow
• How does the movement of ribs affect breathing?

  It causes changes in thoracic cavity volume