IOC LAB

• What do hydrocarbons consist of?

  Only carbon and hydrogen
• How are hydrocarbons classified based on structure?

  Into open-chain and closed-chain classes
• What are the two main classes of hydrocarbons?

  • Open-chain (aliphatic)
  • Closed-chain (cyclic compounds)
• What characterizes saturated hydrocarbons?

  Presence of only sigma bonds
• What types of hydrocarbons are included in saturated hydrocarbons?

  Alkanes and cycloalkanes
• What characterizes unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Presence of sigma and pi bonds
• What types of hydrocarbons are included in unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkenes, cycloalkynes, and aromatic compounds
• How do saturated hydrocarbons generally react with HCl and H2SO4?

  They are generally inert towards them
• What is the reason for the inertness of saturated hydrocarbons?

  Relative strength of the bonds in the molecule
• How do saturated hydrocarbons typically react?

  By substitution under rigorous conditions
• What characterizes the reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  They take place at the double bond
• What happens to the pi bond during the reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  It is broken and converted to a sigma bond
• How can unsaturation be detected in the laboratory?

  Using bromine in CCl4
• What does the ignition test compare in hydrocarbons?

  The nature of combustion observed
• What are the indicators for saturated hydrocarbons in the ignition test?

  • Single bond
  • No-luminous flame
  • Complete combustion
• What are the indicators for unsaturated hydrocarbons in the ignition test?

  • Double or triple bonds
  • Luminous flame
  • Incomplete combustion
• What is the result of burning gasoline in the ignition test?

  Non-luminous flame, no black soot
• What is Baeyer's test used for?

  Detecting unsaturation in organic compounds
• What happens to the purple color in Baeyer's test when unsaturated compounds are present?

  It fades to reddish-brown
• What is the primary reagent used in Baeyer's test?

  Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
• What indicates a positive test for unsaturation in Baeyer's test?

  Color change from purple to brown
• What is the procedure for Baeyer's test?

  Add KMnO4 solution to test samples
• What are the results for unsaturated hydrocarbons in Baeyer's test?

  They turn brown
• What are the results for saturated hydrocarbons in Baeyer's test?

  No reaction occurs
• What is electrophilic aromatic substitution?

  Replacement of an atom in an aromatic ring
• What do aromatic compounds exhibit due to their pi bonds?

  Resonance and conjugative stability
• How do aromatic compounds typically react?

  Undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions
• What does the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution involve?

  Two steps of reaction
• How can substituents in a benzene ring affect reactivity?

  They can increase or decrease reactivity
• What does bromination of acetanilide illustrate?

  Electrophilic aromatic substitution with an activating group
• What is the result of bromination of acetanilide?

  Formation of a precipitate indicates a positive test
• What is the functional group in alcohols?

  Hydroxyl (-OH) group
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  ROH
• What is the main reason for the reactivity of alcohols?

  The -OH group has inherent acid character
• What happens when the hydrogen is released from the -OH bond?

  It shows inherent acid character
• How can the -OH group be protonated?

  At the oxygen, weakening the C-O bond
• How are alcohols classified based on the alkyl group?

  • Primary alcohols
  • Secondary alcohols
  • Tertiary alcohols
• What is the most commonly known primary alcohol?

  Ethanol
• How is ethanol obtained?

  From fermentation of sugars and starches
• What enzyme catalyzes the fermentation of sugars?

  Zymase