ch 13.0

• What are alkanes?

  Hydrocarbons with only C-C and C-H bonds
• What is the general formula for acyclic alkanes?

  CnH2n+2
• Why are acyclic alkanes called saturated alkanes?

  They have the maximum number of H atoms
• What do cycloalkanes contain?

  C atoms joined in one or more rings
• What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

  CnH2n
• What suffix do all alkane names end with?

  • ane
• What is methane?

  A one-carbon alkane
• What is ethane?

  A two-carbon alkane
• What is propane?

  A three-carbon alkane
• What does the arrangement of a carbon chain affect in identifying compounds?

  The bends in a carbon chain don’t matter
• What is butane?

  A four-carbon alkane
• What are isomers?

  Different compounds with the same molecular formula
• What are constitutional isomers?

  Isomers that differ in atom connectivity
• What is pentane?

  A five-carbon alkane
• How does the number of carbon atoms affect isomers?

  More carbons increase possible isomers
• What happens to bond rotation in carbon-carbon single bonds?

  Rotation can occur around these bonds
• Why is the zigzag arrangement of atoms stable?

  It avoids crowding of atoms
• What does the IUPAC stand for?

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• What is the purpose of the IUPAC system of nomenclature?

  To provide unique names for organic compounds
• What are the three names most drugs have?

  Systematic, generic, and trade names
• What is the systematic name of a drug?

  The IUPAC name of the drug
• What is the generic name of a drug?

  The officially approved name of the drug
• What is the trade name of a drug?

  The name assigned by the manufacturing company
• What are the three parts of alkane nomenclature with substituents?

  • Parent name indicates the longest chain
  • Suffix indicates the functional group
  • Prefix tells identity, location, and number of substituents
• What are carbon substituents called?

  Alkyl groups
• How do you name an alkyl group?

  Change "-ane" to "-yl" in the parent alkane
• What are the steps to name an alkane using the IUPAC system?

  1. Find the parent carbon chain and add suffix
  2. Number the atoms for lowest substituent number
  3. Name and number the substituents
  4. Combine substituent names, numbers, parent, and suffix
• What is the significance of numbering substituents in alkane nomenclature?

  To give the first substituent the lower number
• How do you indicate identical substituents in alkane nomenclature?

  Use prefixes to indicate quantity
• What is natural gas primarily composed of?

  Methane
• What is petroleum?

  A complex mixture of compounds
• What are some products of petroleum refinement?

  Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel
• What are the physical properties of alkanes?

  Nonpolar, low melting and boiling points
• Why are smaller alkanes gases at room temperature?

  They have low melting and boiling points
• Why are alkanes insoluble in water?

  They contain only nonpolar bonds
• What happens to alkanes' density compared to water?

  They are less dense than water
• How does boiling point change with the number of carbons in alkanes?

  Boiling point increases with more carbons
• What is the only reaction of alkanes discussed in this chapter?

  Combustion
• What occurs during the combustion of alkanes?

  They burn in O2 to form CO2 and H2O
• What are the products of alkane combustion?

  CO2 and H2O