ch 13

• What is formed during incomplete combustion due to insufficient O2?

  Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Why is carbon monoxide considered poisonous?

  It binds to hemoglobin, reducing O2 transport
• What are the two families of organic molecules that contain multiple bonds?

  Alkenes and alkynes
• What is the general formula for alkenes?

  CnH2n
• What is the general formula for alkynes?

  CnH2n–2
• What type of bonds do alkenes and alkynes contain?

  Nonpolar bonds
• How do the physical properties of alkenes and alkynes compare to alkanes?

  They are similar to those of alkanes
• What are alkenes and alkynes classified as due to their hydrogen content?

  Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• What is the significance of the multiple bond in alkenes and alkynes?

  It is always drawn in a condensed structure
• What are the steps to name an alkene or alkyne?

  1. Find the longest chain with the multiple bond
  2. Number the chain for the lowest multiple bond number
  3. Name the substituents and write the full name
• What are compounds with two double bonds called?

  Dienes
• How are dienes named?

  Change the -ane ending to -adiene
• Where is the double bond located in cycloalkenes?

  Between C1 and C2
• How is the numbering done in cycloalkenes?

  To give the first substituent the lower number
• What are stereoisomers?

  Isomers differing in 3-D arrangement
• What causes the formation of cis-trans isomers in alkenes?

  Restricted rotation around C=C double bond
• When are cis and trans isomers not possible?

  When groups on one end are identical
• What is the difference between constitutional isomers and stereoisomers?

  Constitutional isomers differ in bonding arrangement
• What are fatty acids?

  Carboxylic acids with long carbon chains
• What characterizes saturated fatty acids?

  No double bonds in hydrocarbon chains
• What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?

  One or more double bonds in chains
• What is the typical configuration of double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids?

  Generally cis configuration
• How does the melting point of fatty acids change with the number of double bonds?

  Melting point decreases with more double bonds
• What are fats typically formed from?

  Fatty acids with few double bonds
• What are oils typically formed from?

  Fatty acids with many double bonds
• What is lycopene?

  Red pigment with 13 double bonds
• What is the role of antioxidants like lycopene?

  Prevent unwanted oxidation from occurring
• How do diets high in antioxidants affect health?

  Decrease risk of heart disease and cancer
• What is tamoxifen used for?

  Treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancers
• What do synthetic birth control pills resemble?

  Female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone
• What is the product of hydrogenation of alkenes?

  An alkane
• What is hydrogenation?

  Addition of H2 to an alkene
• What catalyst is commonly used in hydrogenation?

  Palladium (Pd)
• What is halogenation?

  Addition of halogen (X2) to an alkene
• What is the product of halogenation?

  A dihalide
• What is hydrohalogenation?

  Addition of HX to an alkene
• What is the product of hydrohalogenation?

  An alkyl halide
• What does Markovnikov's rule state?

  H atom bonds to less substituted C atom
• How does hydration of alkenes occur?

  Addition of water requires strong acid H2SO4
• What is the product of hydration of alkenes?

  An alcohol