ch 14

• What is a substitution reaction?

  Replacement of an atom or group of atoms
• What happens during the substitution of H by X in aromatic rings?

  It keeps the stable aromatic ring intact
• What occurs in chlorination of benzene?

  A Cl atom substitutes for a hydrogen atom
• What is DDT formed from?

  A chlorination reaction
• What acids are involved in the nitration of benzene?

  Nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• What is nitration in the context of benzene?

  Substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen
• What are sulfa drugs formed from?

  Nitration reactions
• What occurs during sulfonation of benzene?

  SO3 substitutes for a hydrogen atom
• What are the four families of compounds containing a C atom singly bonded to O, S, or X?

  1. Alcohols - Contain an OH group
  2. Ethers - Have two alkyl groups bonded to O
  3. Alkyl halides - Contain a halogen atom
  4. Thiols - Contain an SH group
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  Hydroxyl (OH) group
• How are alcohols classified?

  By the number of C atoms bonded to C with OH
• What is the bond angle of the O atom in alcohols?

  109.5 degrees
• Why do alcohols have higher melting and boiling points than hydrocarbons?

  Stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes
• Are low molecular weight alcohols soluble in water?

  Yes, if they have 6 C's or less
• What is the first step in naming an alcohol using the IUPAC system?

  Find the longest carbon chain with OH
• What happens when an OH group is bonded to a ring in alcohol nomenclature?

  It is automatically on C1
• What are compounds with two OH groups called?

  Diols or glycols
• What is methanol used for?

  Solvent and starting material for plastics
• What is ethanol commonly found in?

  Alcoholic beverages
• What is 2-Propanol commonly known as?

  Isopropyl alcohol
• What is ethylene glycol used for?

  Major component of antifreeze
• What is glycerol used in?

  Lotions, liquid soap, and shaving cream
• What are the main characteristics of carbohydrates?

  • Long, alcohol-containing polymers
  • Synthesized primarily by plants
  • Starch is the main carbohydrate in seeds
  • Cellulose gives rigidity to plants
• What is dehydration in the context of alcohols?

  Loss of H2O from a starting material
• What type of reaction is dehydration?

  An elimination reaction
• What does Zaitsev's rule state?

  Major product has most alkyl groups
• What occurs during oxidation of alcohols?

  Increase in C—O bonds and decrease in C—H bonds
• What do primary alcohols oxidize to?

  Aldehydes
• What happens to aldehydes upon further oxidation?

  They oxidize to carboxylic acids
• What do secondary alcohols oxidize to?

  Ketones
• Why are tertiary alcohols not oxidized?

  No H atoms on C with OH group
• What happens when ethanol is consumed?

  Quickly absorbed in stomach and intestines
• What is the result of consuming more ethanol than can be metabolized?

  Buildup of toxic acetaldehyde
• What does methanol oxidize into?

  Formaldehyde and formic acid
• What are the health effects of small alcohol consumption?

  Dizziness and decreased social inhibitions
• What happens with large amounts of alcohol consumption?

  Decreased coordination and reaction time
• What can chronic excessive alcohol consumption lead to?

  Cirrhosis of the liver
• Why should pregnant women avoid alcohol?

  Ethanol crosses the placenta affecting the fetus
• What is the structure of ethers?

  Two alkyl groups bonded to an O atom
• What is the bond angle of the O atom in ethers?

  109.5 degrees