PRELIMS

• What is the primary function of the digestive system?

  Breaks down food into usable molecules
• How are molecules absorbed in the digestive system?

  They are absorbed into the blood
• What system eliminates wastes from the body?

  The excretory system
• What are the two types of digestion in the digestive system?

  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
• What is the digestive tract also known as?

  Alimentary tract/canal
• What does the gastrointestinal (GI) tract refer to?

  Stomach and intestines
• What are the components of the oral cavity?

  Tongue, teeth, salivary glands
• What is the process of mastication?

  Chewing food in the mouth
• What enzyme in saliva begins carbohydrate digestion?

  Amylase
• What is the bolus?

  Formed food pushed into the pharynx
• What role do lysozymes play in the mouth?

  Kills microorganisms
• What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

  Salivary glands, liver, pancreas
• What is the function of the pharynx?

  Passage for food to the esophagus
• What is the esophagus?

  Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach
• Where does most chemical digestion take place?

  In the stomach and small intestine
• What are the parts of the small intestine?

  Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• What is the role of bicarbonate ions in digestion?

  Neutralizes stomach acid
• What is the function of the large intestine?

  Absorbs water and prepares waste
• What happens in the rectum?

  Waste material is compressed into stool
• What is the path of food through the digestive system?

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Eliminated from the body
• What is the primary function of the excretory system?

  Removes waste produced by cells
• What organs are part of the excretory system?

  Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• What do kidneys eliminate?

  Urea, excess water, waste materials
• What is the functional unit of the kidney?

  Nephron
• What does the anus do?

  Removes solid wastes from the digestive system
• How do lungs contribute to waste removal?

  Remove carbon dioxide from respiration
• What is the role of skin in waste removal?

  Removes perspiration and waste material
• What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

  Skin as a barrier against pathogens
• What is the role of B cells in the immune system?

  Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
• What is the window period in infections?

  Time when pathogens enter and immune fights
• What is active immunity?

  Protection from pathogens by own immune system
• What is passive immunity?

  Protection gained from someone else's immunity
• What does anatomy study?

  Body's structure
• What is developmental anatomy?

  Studies structural changes from conception to adulthood
• What is gross anatomy?

  Study of structures visible without a microscope
• What is surface anatomy?

  Visualizes structures deeper inside the body
• What does embryology study?

  Changes from conception to the eighth week
• What does cytology examine?

  Structural features of cells
• What is an X-ray?

  Shortwave electromagnetic radiation for imaging
• What is ultrasound used for?

  Imaging using high-frequency sound waves